Serial Killer Richard Kuklinski - 5634 Words

CRIMIONLOGY AN SOCIOLOGICAL UNDERSTANDING TO CRIMINAL THINKING Instructor: Mr. Kowalski Student: Jonathan Beale Subject: Richard Kuklinski AKA The Ice Man Richard Kuklinski in my opinion was a serial killer. Due to the abuse he received not just from his parents but also his neighbors and classmates this would be used as an excuse for why Richard did what he did. Richard upbringing was not like so many ordinary families where both parents lived in the house and both was involved in the child’s life, and there main focus was the best interest of the child. Richards’s parents were involved in his upbringing but in a way that caused him to lose a part of humanism which will cause harm to so many people. Because of the abuse his†¦show more content†¦What he told her he did for a living is exactly what he did; but her understanding of a plumber was the deception that Richard portrayed. His plumber job was actually flushing life out of humans for the Mafia and for his own gratification. Over the years Richard mastered his skills when it came to killing. He used guns, knives, poison, strangulation, ice picks, screwdrive rs, hand grenades and would even at times burn his victims if asked by his clients to do so to ensure that they suffered before they left this world. Within himself Richard developed a cold inner self for his victims. When asked how he felt when he killed someone he would reply â€Å"I feel nothing inside for any of the victims I’ve killed. They didn’t mean anything to me and they had it coming and I was the one to give them Just Deserts for what they did to my clients†. Nothing was personal for Mr. Kuklinski just business and he took pride in pleasing his clients. The only people that he truly cared for was his family and he was very regretful that he hurt them the way he hurt them because they found out what he did for a living in an unexpected way. At the turn of the twentieth century, in Jersey City New Jersey is where the Grim Reaper was born; in a bustling polish neighborhood. Many polish immigrants migrated in that are because of blue collar jobs and the Catholic churches that was in the area. The Lackawanna, Erie, Pennsylvania, and Central railroad companies all hadShow MoreRelatedSerial Killers Are Defined As Those Whocommitstake The1042 Words   |  5 Pages Serial killers are defined as those who commits take the lives of 3 people in over a period of a month. Most serial killers commit murder for some sort of psychological beneift. Serial killers vary in many ways, some serial killers have patterns, some have motives, some are organized and other are disorganized. Richard â€Å"The Ice Man† Leonard Kuklinski, Aileen Wuornos, and Charles Cullen are three specific serial killers who all had different motives for taking the lives of many innocent peopleRead MoreRichard Kuklinski Essay1741 Words   |  7 PagesRichard Kuklinski When a man is a product of his environment and the environment is filled with violence and hatred, the possibilities are horrifying. Richard kuklinski is a prime example of just that. His childhood was something no human, let alone a child should go through. His anger built up and his life eventually was overcome by it. He then progressed to a cold-blooded killer, starting small, and then ending with the mob until his capture. Richard Kuklinski was born on April 11, 1935,Read MoreThe Ice Man By Ariel Vromen1950 Words   |  8 Pagesmovie based on the true story of Richard Kuklinski, the notorious contract killer known as The Ice Man who is serving multiple life sentences for over 100 confirmed murder. Throughout the film a number of murders, drug sales, extortions, and corrupt police investigations are shown to the viewer. Consequently, murder is where the film and they main character got their names. According to a documentary The Iceman Tapes - Inside the Mind of A Mafia Hitman Richard Kuklinski Has over 150 confirmed kills andRead MoreMass Killings And Planned Killing Sprees2309 Words   |  10 Pagesconsequences. Richard Kuklinski, known as â€Å"Ice Man† for freezing many of his victims to mask their time and date of death, is a notable psychopath. Growing up, both of Kuklinski’s parents beat him daily, and his father was an alcoholic. His father drunkenly beat his older brother to death, and then abandoned the family. Richards younger brother was later tried and convicted for raping and murdering a 12 year old girl. Richard was also bullied by a group of boys in his neighborhood. Kuklinski often mutilatedRead MorePsychology : The Human Mind And Human Behavior3132 Words   |  13 Pagesthe Psychiatrist. In this video, Dr. Park Dietz, PhD, a well-known and well-respected psychiatrist, interviews Richard Kuklinski, or the Iceman, who is responsible for an estimated two hundred murders. According to Dietz, there were two factors that played a role in Kuklinski developing anti-social personality disorder and becoming a psychopath and serial killer. He explains to Kuklinski that h e was genetically predisposed to anti-social personality disorder because he inherited it from his father

The Caribbean Plate And Its Evolution, Origin And The...

THE CARIBBEAN PLATE Evolution and Origin Ronald Gobin B00673944 Erth 4350 Professor: Nicholas Culshaw December 6th 2016 Introduction The following report will introduce the topic of the Caribbean plate and its evolution, origin and the active physical process within tectonic environments. The Pacific model will be discussed in this paper, and assumes the formation of the Caribbean plate at the Galapagos hotspot in the Pacific Ocean during the Middle Cretaceous. Regional Setting The Caribbean plate is a lithospheric plate consisting mainly of an unusually thick, oceanic plateau situated between two major continental regions, such as North and South America. The Caribbean plate is roughly 3000 km from east to west, and 800 Km from North to South and 2.64 million Km^2 area (James, Lorente, Pindell, 2009). There are four marine areas present such as the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, the Yucatan basin, and the Cayman trough, which are within the surrounding of the Caribbean plate and its islands. The Cocos Plate, North American Plate, Nazca Plate and the South American Plate surround the Caribbean plate (Figure-1) (HARGRAVES, 1984). Boundaries of Caribbean Plate are from Guatemala along trend of the Cayman Trough, through the greater Antillean islands Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, south through the volcanic arc of the Lesser Antilles that bound the Caribbean plate to the east, along the northern South American continental margin, and the west coast ofShow More RelatedAn Article On Earth Essay10094 Words   |  41 PagesLongitude of ascending node −11.26064 deg[3] to J2000 ecliptic Argument of perihelion 102.94719 deg[3] Satellites One natural satellite; 1070 operational artificial satellites; 21000 pieces of debris over 10 cm in size (as of 24 October 2013)[6] Physical characteristics Mean radius 6371.0 km[7] Equatorial radius 6378.1 km[8][9] Polar radius 6356.8 km[10] Flattening 0.0033528[11] 1/298.257222101 (ETRS89) Circumference 40075.017 km (equatorial) [9] 40007.86 km (meridional) [12][13] Surface area 510072000

An Examination Into the View of Perception (Pratyaksa)...

Perception as a pramana or method of knowledge has not been discussed at length in Western logic. In so far as it has been discussed, it has created a divide amongst the realists, the idealists and the empiricists. Many schools of Indian philosophy have taken up a critical examination of perception as a means of gaining valid knowledge. The Nyaya is one of them. According to the Nyaya school of philosophy, valid knowledge or prama can be gained through four different means namely; perception (Pratyaksa), inference (Anumana), verbal testimony (Sabda) and comparison (Upmana). Of these, the Naiyayika considers perception to be fundamental. This is true in the sense that although perception may not be the only method of knowledge, it forms a†¦show more content†¦The Naiyayika would agree that when in doubt of the truth of perceptual knowledge, we must investigate as thoroughly as we would while investigating knowledge arising from other sources. Perception- Its definition according to the Naiyayikas: The definitions of perception have varied over time within the Nyaya school of thought. While the old school of Nyaya defines perception to sense-object contact, the newer Naiyayikas take quite a difference stance. The old school of Nyaya relies heavily on the etymological meaning of the word Pratyaksa (perception) which means the functioning of the sense organs in relation to its particular object (aksï€ ¤asyÄ ksï€ ¤Ã¯â‚¬ ¤asya prativisayam urttih pratyaksam). They lay utmost emphasis to the idea of perception as being the knowledge arising due to sense-organ contact. They believe that this is fundamentally implied in the definition of the word pratyaksa. Thus, it follows that the sense may function in two ways in relation to a particular object. It may either bring itself in contact with the particular object, hence bringing about cognition of the object, or it may operate in a way that it brings about cognition of the object. In both cases the result is a judgement of the object. The modern Naiyayikas on the other hand attack the old definition on several grounds. Instead of defining it in terms of sense-organ contact, the modern Naiyayika chooses to do so in terms of type of knowledge. Gangesa, the

Police Department Roles and Functions - 1039 Words

Running head: POLICE DEPARTMENT ROLES AND FUNCTIONS Police Department Roles and Functions xxxxxx Axia College of University of Phoenix CJA/214 xxxxx Police Department Roles and Functions Law enforcement agencies range from local counties all the way up to state and federal levels. Communities are dependent of these agencies to conduct and perform many different roles and functions. All policing agencies perform the same basic duties and responsibilities, which are, maintain law and order, provide community assistance, and investigate crimes. There are agencies that function in a specific jurisdictions or provides a specialized function in a specific jurisdiction. All departments work together to protect citizens, prevent†¦show more content†¦The Patriot Act has given authority to enforce federal laws for federal investigations at the state level. The result of these roles and functions allow for local, state, and federal agencies work to better police communities. * What are the roles and functions of patrol work? Provide a list. * Patrols serve many functions for police work. Some commonly used methods of patrol includ e: * Random Patrol * Directed Patrol * Aggressive Patrol * Saturated Patrol * Random Patrol consists of officers patrolling areas in a random way so that patterns cannot be detected. Random patrols are designed detect crimes taking place and to deter crimes from taking place due to officer patrol presence. Directed patrol is designed to target hot spots or areas known from high crime rates. Crime data is collected and it can be determined what areas and at what times crime is likely to occur. By patrolling at these times, crime can be deterred. Aggressive patrols consist of frequent traffic stops and questioning by officers to draw attention. The attention drawn by these actions can serve as a major deterrence of crime. A saturated patrol is effective by placing a large number of patrols within the same areas. The most common form of police patrolling is with an automobile (Grant amp; Terry, 2012). Automobile patrols have an advantage because they can cover a large area faster than other means ofShow MoreRelatedPolice Department Roles and Functions943 Words   |  4 PagesPolice Department Roles and Functions CJA/214 September 20, 2012 Scott Mann Roles and Functions The Police Department must serve many roles and purposes so they also must take care of any issues that arise, dealing with the law or public safety. For this reason they have different specialized concentrations of officers designed to carry out certain functions. This also varies according to jurisdiction where there are state, local and even federal jurisdictions. This also affects what areRead MorePolice Department Role And Functions1161 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Police Department Roles and Functions Shontay Manigault CJA/214 1/11/2015 Kevin Marshall Police Department Roles and Functions There are many various functions of police agencies. Patron, traffic, juvenile services, intelligence and undercover, and special operations are just some of the various functions of police agencies. There are many differences between the functions of the police agencies and the federal, state, and the local levels. There are reasons of why you need to have variousRead MoreCrime Prevention Through Environmental Design1321 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION Problem/Background The attacks of police officers in the workplace is becoming a larger issue across America. Intruders are walking into police stations armed with weapons and attacking officers more every year. A lot of these attacks are due to the lack of security within the police facilities. The police stations, while designed with state of the art equipment, are being designed to create a friendly warm space for citizens, which in result provides less security for officers whileRead MoreAdministrator Challenges Essay1182 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscuss the functional role of the criminal justice administration in the police department. I will also describe what I consider being the major issues and satisfactions of that particular role. Finally, I will discuss if this course helped prepare me? If not, what might improve the course? To understand and comprehend what a criminal justice administrator job functions are we must first define these two words Criminal Justice, Administrator of Criminal Justice and Police Administrator. CriminalRead MoreOrganization of the Police Department899 Words   |  4 PagesPolice departments have tasks of organization that is divided according to purpose, area and time. Work Assignments are given to certain groups that are divided amongst the department and have a distinct purpose that is unique from the other groups. For example; a police detective performs certain duties that are distinct from that of a patrol officer and vice versa. Each division has their own purpose to achieve certain functions within the department, to maintain effective functions within theRead MorePolice Functions And Units Of The United States1139 Words   |  5 Pages Police Functions Units Stephanie Miranda In the United States of America, the police have functions and specific units to coordinate those functions. The role of the police has become important throughout the years with the increase of crime. The police are responsible for enforcing criminal law, maintaining law and order, and investigating crimes. The law and the constitution is where one’s safety and liberty comes from, meaning that the police are the ones making the primaryRead MoreOrganizational Management and Operations1213 Words   |  5 PagesOperations The subject to describe is policing organizations at various levels. The author will identify, compare, and contrast the policing function at the local, state, and federal organizational levels (CJA/484 – Criminal Justice Administration Capstone). The author will analyze how the organizational, management, administration, and operational functions at the local, state, and federal levels are similar or different and why (CJA/484 – Criminal Justice Administration Capstone). The leadershipRead MorePolicing Functions1089 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Policing Functions Mathew Scherer CJA/394 February 10, 2014 Mr. David Kurylowicz Policing Functions Law enforcement in the United States consists of local municipal, county, state, and federal agencies. These agencies make up a very large and very complex enterprise. Throughout the United States, there are almost 18,000 different law enforcement agencies at the local, county, state, and federal levels. Along with the law enforcement agencies also comes private security industryRead MoreThe Importance of Organization in a Police Department786 Words   |  4 Pagesorganization of a police department plays a vital role in the effectiveness of the police department. There are three major concepts you should consider when organizing a police department. They are as follows: area, time, and purpose. I will briefly discuss each concept as it relates to the organization and effectiveness of the police department. The area that any given police department is responsible for plays a huge part in it organization. For example, if a police department is responsible forRead MoreThe Crime Control Model Is The Most Important Function Of The Criminal Justice System895 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crime Control Model is by far the most important function of the criminal justice system. The crime control model stresses the need for efficiency and speed to generate a high rate of apprehension while dealing with limited resources. In the crime control model a presumption of guilt exists prior to a suspect becoming a defendant. Police departments can exhibit different structures and procedures under the crime control model by adopting the mission of crime prevention and control, using the

Food Free Essays

doc. literature Formal Report on Filipino Literary Text The White Horse of Alih By: Emigdio â€Å"Mig†Alvarez Enriquez 3D-Pharmacy Group 3 De Pedro, John Christopher Q. Elazegui, Patricia Denise C. We will write a custom essay sample on Food or any similar topic only for you Order Now Espano, Divine M. Fajardo, Jerome M. Garcia, Jose Eduardo C. A. The Issue inside the story †¢ Psychological effect of man’s alienation from the society he is at †¢ Racial Discrimination †¢ Traditions in religion †¢ Psychological impact of an individual’s experiences †¢ Quarrel between religions †¢ Discrimination based on religion B. ELEMENTS OF STORY †¢ Setting The story happened on July 4th in a city with a parade of people. †¢ Characters ? Alih- a Moro who plans for killing the people celebrating the Filipino- American Friendship Day ? Omar- the older brother of Alih who dictates him on what to do in every aspects of his life ? Imam- the village priest who tried to dissuade the two brothers, he explain to them that the prophets did not teach to do it ? Lucy – girl who lived in the reservation area where the Americans live -she is the first girl Alih liked Fermina – a beautiful bar maid with a mole near her mouth – Alih likes her so much but the woman doesn’t like him because of his impertinent manner towards her. †¢ Plot ? Conflict- Alih did not want to kill but the fear he had for his brother while he was growing urged him to the killings and also because his brother taught him that killing will be their way to wash away their shame and gain respect for their father had died by the American soldiers without any reason. Complication- when they decided to become merchants there were rebels who stole their commodities ? Rising Action – He saw a float with a girl whom he thought of as Fermina. He went near the float and assisted the girl to go down to the ground and found out that it is Fermina when he saw the little black mole on the corner of the girl’s mouth ? Climax- As he was about to hold her completely, Omar came but to his surprise, he was drunk and tipsy! All along, he realized that Omar had been drinking tuba. Omar was about to kill Fermina. Falling Action- Alih kills his brother despite their plans to gain the white horse for him to protect Fermina. †¢ Theme- the short story tells about the tradition, beliefs and faith of the Filipinos †¢ Point of View – third person limited C. LITERARY APPROACHES USED Historical Approach Since the author was born on 1925, this may influence his work on The White Horse of Alih. The setting of the story happ ened on July 4th in a city with a parade of people. The author might experience this big event in the history wherein the July 4th is considered as Filipino- American Friendship Day. Mimetic Approach The text is can be related to the reality. It there were discrimination among races, differences among religions and traditions. And the moral aspect of killing is an issue of their faith. Freudian Approach The main character tries to overcome his feelings on this text but Alih shows his intention to Fermina in the middle of story when he ask for a kiss to the lady. D. Biography of the author Emigdio Alvarez Enriquez was born on the year 1925. He is a Filipino by birth. He started writing at the age of 20. He is a novelist, story writer, and playwright. Among his famous literary works are: Blood on the Moon, A Tale of Two Houses, Cachil Kudarat (Sultan of Mindanao) or Cachil Corrala, and Labaw, Donggon. All of this short stories won Palanca awards in the year E. RELATED MOVIE TO THE TEXT Bagong Buwan, also known as New Moon, is a 2001 Filipino film directed by Marilou Diaz-Abaya starring Filipino actors Cesar Montano, Amy Austria, Jericho Rosales, Caridad Sanchez, Carlo Aquino, Noni Buencamino, Jiro Manio, Ronnie Lazaro, Jhong Hilario, and Jodi Santamaria. This movie is about the Muslim rebellion in Mindanao, Philippines and its effect on civilians. It is a look at the war in Mindanao between the Philippine government (during President Joseph Estrada’s short stint) and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), primarily through the eyes of the Bangsamoro (or Moros as they are more popularly known). The film starts with a narration, which was also written on the screen, that says: â€Å"Sa loob ng maraming siglo, naging mailap ang kapayapaan sa pagitan ng mga Kristiyano at Muslim. Sa Pilipinas, kung saan nakakarami at namamayani ang mga Kristiyano, matagal ng ipinaglalaban ng mga Muslim ang karapatang itaguyod ang kanilang natatanging kultura at pamahalaan ang kanilang sarili. † From the very start, the film tells the viewers that this is a story about the Muslims’ (Moros’) fight to preserve their culture and regain self-determination. F. SUMMARY OF TEXT The story started of as Alih the protagonist, moved along the crowd which was celebrating the fourth of July celebration. They were expecting a lot of people in this event because they planned a mass assassination in the town. The story then went on concentrating on the actions and what the characters are thinking before their planned killing. Alih was thinking of his houri and the past memories of their family. His father was accused of killing a man that he did not kill. Alih and Omar’s father was the hadji back then and that he attended the Mecca. The Americans wanted him to submit to the judgement of the Americans. The story continued with the life of Omar and Alih as merchants. They sold their house, their boats, fishing nets and even their mother’s pearls. They then worked for Lim Ching which was a Chinese merchant. They were then robbed by men with guns and clubs. They then went back to sea and stayed there for a long time. After the consumed all their stock of food and water Omar began thinking of killing and dying. By killing we can wash our shame away’ said Omar while staring into the space. The story then went on moving to the parade. Alih saw a girl which resembled his friend that he rode with in the carousel. After confirming that the girl he is looking at is really Fermina, his brother Omar then went berserk and unsheathed his sword and killed people. Omar then went to kill Fermina but Alih protected her and killed his brother Omar. G. SUMMARY OF REPORT As a summary of our report, we discussed that the issues that we identified in the short story are namely; psychological, issue on jihad or revenge, differences in religion and culture, and alienation. Most of the issues were seen throughout the story specially the issue on jihad which was very prominent. The story was centered in the jihad or revenge of the protagonist and his older brother to the American race because of what they did to their father. They were even having second thoughts about their planned killing because they consulted an Imam which also disagreed to their plan. Omar disagreed with the Imam and whispered to the almost convinced Alih, that the Imam is getting old and he must not listen to him. At the end of the story Alih actually cut the ties between his religion and the girl that he loved. H. VOCABULARY WORDS †¢ Houri – (hu’re, hou’–) one of the beautiful maidens said by some Muslims to dwell in paradise for the enjoyment of the faithful. The passages in the Qur’an detailing the physical delights of heaven are considered by many Muslim critics as allegorical. †¢ Imam- a leader of congregational prayer in a mosque, a religious teacher †¢ Jihad- A Muslim holy war or spiritual struggle against infidels. †¢ Qur’an or Koran- The sacred text of Islam, considered by Muslims to contain the revelations of God to Muhammad. †¢ Shia or Shiites – A member of the branch of Islam that regards Ali and his descendants as the legitimate successors to Muhammad and rejects the first three caliphs. Juramentados – The term juramentado was derived from the Spanish verb juramentar, meaning â€Å"to swear an oath. † A rushing Moro warrior with shaven hair, fiery eyes and plucked eyebrows, brandishing kris or kampilan to attack infidels until he was slain. It was a person who had chosen to fight in the Way of Allah in his individual capacity since. A sacred duty and when he died in the cou rse of his attack, he became shahid or â€Å"martyr† with paradise as his ultimate reward. As with any real Muslim warrior, the juramentado loved martyrdom more than life. How to cite Food, Essay examples

Food Free Essays

doc. literature Formal Report on Filipino Literary Text The White Horse of Alih By: Emigdio â€Å"Mig†Alvarez Enriquez 3D-Pharmacy Group 3 De Pedro, John Christopher Q. Elazegui, Patricia Denise C. We will write a custom essay sample on Food or any similar topic only for you Order Now Espano, Divine M. Fajardo, Jerome M. Garcia, Jose Eduardo C. A. The Issue inside the story †¢ Psychological effect of man’s alienation from the society he is at †¢ Racial Discrimination †¢ Traditions in religion †¢ Psychological impact of an individual’s experiences †¢ Quarrel between religions †¢ Discrimination based on religion B. ELEMENTS OF STORY †¢ Setting The story happened on July 4th in a city with a parade of people. †¢ Characters ? Alih- a Moro who plans for killing the people celebrating the Filipino- American Friendship Day ? Omar- the older brother of Alih who dictates him on what to do in every aspects of his life ? Imam- the village priest who tried to dissuade the two brothers, he explain to them that the prophets did not teach to do it ? Lucy – girl who lived in the reservation area where the Americans live -she is the first girl Alih liked Fermina – a beautiful bar maid with a mole near her mouth – Alih likes her so much but the woman doesn’t like him because of his impertinent manner towards her. †¢ Plot ? Conflict- Alih did not want to kill but the fear he had for his brother while he was growing urged him to the killings and also because his brother taught him that killing will be their way to wash away their shame and gain respect for their father had died by the American soldiers without any reason. Complication- when they decided to become merchants there were rebels who stole their commodities ? Rising Action – He saw a float with a girl whom he thought of as Fermina. He went near the float and assisted the girl to go down to the ground and found out that it is Fermina when he saw the little black mole on the corner of the girl’s mouth ? Climax- As he was about to hold her completely, Omar came but to his surprise, he was drunk and tipsy! All along, he realized that Omar had been drinking tuba. Omar was about to kill Fermina. Falling Action- Alih kills his brother despite their plans to gain the white horse for him to protect Fermina. †¢ Theme- the short story tells about the tradition, beliefs and faith of the Filipinos †¢ Point of View – third person limited C. LITERARY APPROACHES USED Historical Approach Since the author was born on 1925, this may influence his work on The White Horse of Alih. The setting of the story happ ened on July 4th in a city with a parade of people. The author might experience this big event in the history wherein the July 4th is considered as Filipino- American Friendship Day. Mimetic Approach The text is can be related to the reality. It there were discrimination among races, differences among religions and traditions. And the moral aspect of killing is an issue of their faith. Freudian Approach The main character tries to overcome his feelings on this text but Alih shows his intention to Fermina in the middle of story when he ask for a kiss to the lady. D. Biography of the author Emigdio Alvarez Enriquez was born on the year 1925. He is a Filipino by birth. He started writing at the age of 20. He is a novelist, story writer, and playwright. Among his famous literary works are: Blood on the Moon, A Tale of Two Houses, Cachil Kudarat (Sultan of Mindanao) or Cachil Corrala, and Labaw, Donggon. All of this short stories won Palanca awards in the year E. RELATED MOVIE TO THE TEXT Bagong Buwan, also known as New Moon, is a 2001 Filipino film directed by Marilou Diaz-Abaya starring Filipino actors Cesar Montano, Amy Austria, Jericho Rosales, Caridad Sanchez, Carlo Aquino, Noni Buencamino, Jiro Manio, Ronnie Lazaro, Jhong Hilario, and Jodi Santamaria. This movie is about the Muslim rebellion in Mindanao, Philippines and its effect on civilians. It is a look at the war in Mindanao between the Philippine government (during President Joseph Estrada’s short stint) and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), primarily through the eyes of the Bangsamoro (or Moros as they are more popularly known). The film starts with a narration, which was also written on the screen, that says: â€Å"Sa loob ng maraming siglo, naging mailap ang kapayapaan sa pagitan ng mga Kristiyano at Muslim. Sa Pilipinas, kung saan nakakarami at namamayani ang mga Kristiyano, matagal ng ipinaglalaban ng mga Muslim ang karapatang itaguyod ang kanilang natatanging kultura at pamahalaan ang kanilang sarili. † From the very start, the film tells the viewers that this is a story about the Muslims’ (Moros’) fight to preserve their culture and regain self-determination. F. SUMMARY OF TEXT The story started of as Alih the protagonist, moved along the crowd which was celebrating the fourth of July celebration. They were expecting a lot of people in this event because they planned a mass assassination in the town. The story then went on concentrating on the actions and what the characters are thinking before their planned killing. Alih was thinking of his houri and the past memories of their family. His father was accused of killing a man that he did not kill. Alih and Omar’s father was the hadji back then and that he attended the Mecca. The Americans wanted him to submit to the judgement of the Americans. The story continued with the life of Omar and Alih as merchants. They sold their house, their boats, fishing nets and even their mother’s pearls. They then worked for Lim Ching which was a Chinese merchant. They were then robbed by men with guns and clubs. They then went back to sea and stayed there for a long time. After the consumed all their stock of food and water Omar began thinking of killing and dying. By killing we can wash our shame away’ said Omar while staring into the space. The story then went on moving to the parade. Alih saw a girl which resembled his friend that he rode with in the carousel. After confirming that the girl he is looking at is really Fermina, his brother Omar then went berserk and unsheathed his sword and killed people. Omar then went to kill Fermina but Alih protected her and killed his brother Omar. G. SUMMARY OF REPORT As a summary of our report, we discussed that the issues that we identified in the short story are namely; psychological, issue on jihad or revenge, differences in religion and culture, and alienation. Most of the issues were seen throughout the story specially the issue on jihad which was very prominent. The story was centered in the jihad or revenge of the protagonist and his older brother to the American race because of what they did to their father. They were even having second thoughts about their planned killing because they consulted an Imam which also disagreed to their plan. Omar disagreed with the Imam and whispered to the almost convinced Alih, that the Imam is getting old and he must not listen to him. At the end of the story Alih actually cut the ties between his religion and the girl that he loved. H. VOCABULARY WORDS †¢ Houri – (hu’re, hou’–) one of the beautiful maidens said by some Muslims to dwell in paradise for the enjoyment of the faithful. The passages in the Qur’an detailing the physical delights of heaven are considered by many Muslim critics as allegorical. †¢ Imam- a leader of congregational prayer in a mosque, a religious teacher †¢ Jihad- A Muslim holy war or spiritual struggle against infidels. †¢ Qur’an or Koran- The sacred text of Islam, considered by Muslims to contain the revelations of God to Muhammad. †¢ Shia or Shiites – A member of the branch of Islam that regards Ali and his descendants as the legitimate successors to Muhammad and rejects the first three caliphs. Juramentados – The term juramentado was derived from the Spanish verb juramentar, meaning â€Å"to swear an oath. † A rushing Moro warrior with shaven hair, fiery eyes and plucked eyebrows, brandishing kris or kampilan to attack infidels until he was slain. It was a person who had chosen to fight in the Way of Allah in his individual capacity since. A sacred duty and when he died in the cou rse of his attack, he became shahid or â€Å"martyr† with paradise as his ultimate reward. As with any real Muslim warrior, the juramentado loved martyrdom more than life. How to cite Food, Essay examples

Competitive Strategy Organization Development and Change

Question: Discuss about the Competitive Strategy for Organization Development and Change. Answer: Strategy The strategy can be explained as the goal of any organization to plan and utilized for long term success. In other words, the terms strategy come from the battle of SUNTZU art. In regards to this war, winning means the strategy is good and losing means the strategy is bad. It is chosen by the company to get success in future whatever their goal may be. Moreover; it can be used to solve the issues related to the organization which targeting for the success of the company. Basically, the word Strategy rise from a Greek word which means to control powered off an army or monitoring power of the group of people. In other words, it has the meaning of all planning and plotting of the entire member involving in the battle to go on a right path of an organization. The strategy is always dealing with the plans for fulfillment of the customer which are necessary for them. A large number of companies is there which make strategy by reducing the cost of a product to solve all the problems of the customer and fulfill their goals. It does not totally depend on business processing achievement but also the numbers of particular organization improvement. By creating many new and innovation ideas for the same product the head of the company can make difference. It is one of the business mind concepts to get more and more profit for the future of the organization. The satisfaction level o should be high from their client matters a lot in the efficient and effective way to run an organization smoothly. For this company must have some good and innovative strategy for the achievement of the organization. Almost one year is enough for the company to complete their target. The image should be built strong for the organization to maintain their quality in the market sector. The strategy also has a concept of the realization of all marketing aspects throughout the profit making of the marketing chain. The strategy helps the company to get into the competing with the firms by creating substitute product for the same. For making strategy managerial skill is very important as its detail about the key factor. The strategy also considered as the same of the companies work throughout their market peripherals. Through supply changes and production, it helps in sort out the scarcity of the resources. Here resources represent assets, technical competency, skillfulness of manpower and a sense of affinity towards the action strategized. The strategy can be classified in many formats but very few are crucial to knowing the organization. They are the corporate strategy, business strategy, and operational strategy. Corporate strategy used to be exclusively enriched as shareholders invest a lot. They also give priority to the customer who has potentially credible. Now business strategy is depending on the competitive of the market which deals with the product designing a selection of products, benefits of consumer, win over the competitive marketing companies, etc. operational strategy is about the resources of the company people involves in the company, their work profile, different process used by the company to make strategy effective for the organization. Business model Innovation Business model innovation is considered to be the most innovative ideas of the organization to complete the target of the company in all financial business criteria. The main objective of this model is to innovate the model by introducing new upcoming sources and gets revenue. This can be done by improvising the quality service and goods in front of their customers. To consistently hold their position the market for the long period this model gets very effective (Massa Tucci, 2013). In the manufacturing of the product for any organization, this model gets appreciation. By this innovating model company or organization had to decrease the cost of production to make a large number of customers in their hands. As for the instance, The Apple Inc. company by improvising these ideas makes the innovative features in their products. For this concept, they make the large number of customers (Gobble, 2014). This model helps to increase the number of stocks in their stock market. Applying this innovation idea the company named, Apple Inc. able to make a large number of their customer without decreasing their costs of products and make the profit. Like, the Dell Company making the profit by this model without decreasing their sales price. By utilizing these ideas they decrease the processing charge or operating charge within the business processing (Tucci Massa, 2013). With these fundamentals, they grab a large number of profit in an annual basis. The idea should be super in quality and uncommon which attract the customer while being the cost of the product high. However, the ideas of the best quality work and knowledge of the modern technology help the organization to run the very far way of success. The innovative ideas always make a company and organization far away from the marketing trim. The use and implementation of the business model are about the incorporation of the business strategies as to enhance the overall performance of the organization. It makes the company more achieving the high quality to get financially beneficial, ideally conceptual and including mission statements vice versa. By making product designing, brand community, etc make the ideal concept for the fringe of the organization. The organization needed new ideas to attract the customers with a profitable way of business. The innovation of the model makes the company's strategy to make them different from the other companies. The agenda of the companys growth, this innovation of the model helpful and make the organization unique. A branded company is the good instance for the innovative models as; it assembles the different customers or users on the subjects of discussions, feedbacks, etc .by analyzing the traditional view to contemporary view of the business. Business innovation actually makes th e company enhancing the companys potentials. References Cummings, T.G., and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Davenport, T.H., 2013.Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. Simons, R., 2013.Levers of control: how managers use innovative control systems to drive strategic renewal. Harvard Business Press. Ward, J. and Peppard, J., 2016.The Strategic Management of Information Systems: Building a Digital Strategy. John Wiley Sons. Massa, L. and Tucci, C.L., 2013. Business model innovation.The Oxford Handbook of Innovation Management, pp.420-441. Gobble, M.M., 2014. Business model innovation.Research-Technology Management,57(6), pp.58-61. Tucci, C. and Massa, L., 2013.Business model innovation(No. EPFL-CHAPTER-187818). Oxford University Press. Amit, R. and Zott, C., 2012. Creating value through business model innovation.MIT Sloan Management Review,53(3), p.41.

International Marketing Management Treacy and Wiersema’s

Question: Analysis of Treacy and Wiersemas proposed generic competitive strateg. Answer: International marketing has become a key concept in todays competitive era. Most of organizations are focusing on the development of product at international level because of higher target market and demand in the market. Organizations are attempting to satisfy the needs and wants of customers at domestic and international level. It is stated that it is too complex to sustain in rapidly increasing competitive market and retain the brand value in perspective market. It is necessary for organization to implement the strategic approach for maintain positive relations with mass level customer. Organizations are developing rapidly in market and these markets are influenced by the emerging operations of competitors. Nowadays organizations are facing the dynamic changes in global market. Further, the market has become customer centric. Marketers are identifying the value creating dimensions to satisfy the customer and gain the competitive advantages over the rivalries. From the view point of Treacy and Wiersema there are three effective strategies to cater the need of customers. These strategies are as product leadership, operational excellence and customer intimacy (Harmon, 2014). Organization can adopt these effectively to attain the competitive advantages. Generic strategies was which proposed by the Michael Treacy and Fred Wiersema to derive the strategic values has discussed as follows: Product Leadership Strategy Product is the crucial element of the company to deliver the customers. Basically, the customers are focused on the product of company and customers known the product before its company. Therefore, it is essential for company to effectively address the mass customer by its unique product. It is the responsibility of product manager to ensure the quality and differentiation between the own and market product to attract the potential customers. It is known that successful companies have dominant product value. At the same time, attributes of product are liked by the customer its meet the expectations of customers and they take it immensely. Quality of products depends on the two factors one is level and another is consistency. Moreover, customer value prepositions derive the practice of strategic and effective relation with customer. Product differentiation is the unique attribute of company to defeat the emerging rivalries in the market (Colb, 2015). Leading and successful organization adopt the stigma of low cost because of its value creating aspect. It is considered that low cost is the attraction of mass customer. On the other hand, it is criticized that only low price product may not be successful in market wining. Further, the organization brought innovation in its product regarding the new features. Apple is one of the most example of product leadership, because it is delivering the unique product to the international customers. In addition to this, Sony is another example of product leadership in market. The product differentiation strategy of these companies is the game changer in market and creates competitive advantages (Vogelaar, 2011). Along with this, they created unique brand recognition in the market. With this, product leadership drives the customer satisfaction and made the insightful to market king. It also developed the brand loyalty towards the products. In addition to this, these organizations focus on adding the comical features in its products and attract the target market audience (Verweire, 2014). The operational efficiency of Apple and Sony is too forward which creates value preposition and earning profit continuously. Moreover, the customer base has increased over the time span. On the other hand, it is complex to gain the product leadership in this most competitive market. Operational Excellence as market winning strategy Operational Excellence is another generic strategy to achieve the competitive advantage over its rivals. Companies focus on the effective goods and service delivery of the product. It is considered that only effective product is not the successful but its expertise in operation is also crucial. It is also an important strategy to focus on enabling the organization as a leader in specific product management. Operational excellence can be termed as a process of delivering the service without any challenges. Basically, operational excellence is the process of meeting the customer expectation through delivering the product at its best manner (Verweire and Grande, 2011). In market there are many customers who want the product at cheaper rate to meeting the demand. So the companies defeat the competitors on the basis of low price and effective service. Further, the marketing team focuses on the continuous improvement. Operational excellence can be achieved through price and convince elements. Basically, these are important to influence the customers. Price is an important factor to create product development and it depends on the perceived value by the customers like basic need, performance need and excitement need (Hope and Player, 2012). It is stated that if a customer is satisfies with its quality and perceived service then they would ready to pay. Further, the performance of product derives value for customer by delivery, substitute products and competition in the market. At the same time, organization can build its operation efficiently through adding performance feature in product. In addition to this, excitement need is another value creating phenomena which is extended to the behavior of customer at the time of buying product. In this competitive market two different nature people exist one is early adopter and another is late adopter, early adopter seeks to quality driven nature and pay h igh price. On the other hand, late adopters are price conscious and they dont want to pay high price and wait until price get down (Wallace and Xia, 2014). For instance, mobile phones are the best example to meet the basic, performance and excitement need of the customer because of its pricing and convince strategy as per time frame. Organizations can attain the competitive advantage through operational excellence by cutting the cost of product and make it available at low price as compare to the competitors in homogeneous product category. For example Dell business is pursuing with operational excellence strategy to gain the competitive advantage (Burns, 2014). It is a winning strategy at national and international level so companies should focus on deliver high quality product with its efficient price structure effectively and it would be resulted into the attraction of customer which should ultimately create a competitive advantage over the business competitors. Customer Intimacy as competitive strategy Treacy and Wiersema included one another strategy as customer intimacy for business to gain competitive advantage. Customer intimacy is also a value proposition strategy and it builds the positive relation with customer. It emphasizes on the serving the better quality to its customer in order to satisfy the need and wants of customers (Byrnes, 2011). Organizations focus on the delivering service as per the desire of the customers and fulfill the needs of customers. At the same time, it is necessary for business to aware about the knowledge of customer behavior and achieves the successful intimacy of customers. Further, most of organizations are following the customer centric approach to focus on the customers expectations. Companies understand the nature of customer regarding the needs of customer and treat them as well through meeting the desired demand efficiently. Along with this, customer intimacy can be developed by the product development and operational excellence in the market in order to gain competitive advantage. Creating customer intimacy may be costly for company because of value propositions through innovative strategies in the market. It is stated that company desires to maintain the loyal customer then it should address the preferences of customers. Moreover, successful companies introduce the innovative technology covering the current market trend. Along with this, social media is a supportive tool to embrace the group of the loyal customer and get the creative and desired product. Brand loyalty and customization are the most factors that can pursue to get the excellence over the product, customer service and competitors through putting the value and quality in front of these. In order to creating the brand positioning in market companies can segmented the market as per the different criteria (Kotler, 2011). Thereafter it can focus on the target market customers through benefiting by superior value determinants. Further, companies should enhance the communication process with customers and develop an integrating marketing system. In concern to this, major corporations are focusing on the customer relationship by serving the effective and efficient service to targeted customer. For example, Amazon and Nordstrom are the best examples of the companies which have been focusing on the customer intimacy though delivering the qualitative service to the customers (Dorris, 2013). Business should focuses on the dilemma of value creating in eyes of customer through which it can maintain the positive relations with customers and which would be resulted into the brand loyalty. Porters five forces analysis of food industry of Australia Australia is one of the most leading economies which is growing rapidly to tempt the international overlook. Australian economy has experienced the increased growth rate and standard living since last five years (the guardian, 2016). It is the most private business own country which flourished the trade, partnership and investment from the major country over the globe. Fast food industry is the major contributor in sharpening the growth in Australian economy. Further, it has undertaken the economic reforms since last ten years. Porter five forces is undertaken to analyze the competitive analysis of fast food industry in Australia. Fast food industry has shaped into the new dimension to consider the health and neutral aspect (Taylor, 2016). Porter five force evaluation is a strategic evaluation to pin the economy and understand the future perspective of business. An industry can be easily analyzed strategically. Porters five force analysis is as follows: Rivalries among existing industry- High Australian food market has developed with rapid growth and the international marketers are pushing the economy to invade over the highly competitive economy. Australian fast food restaurant has grown by $34.8 % in year 2015. The competition level in Australia is very high and many leading fast food business are seeking to enter into the market. Competitors desire to become the part of market because of the high revenue. At the same time, demand for fast food has increased but the people are health conscious (Mialon, et.al, 2016). Along with this, many smaller competitors entered in the market which can impact the business of existing large market players. It generated $19 billion revenue in this industry. Moreover, the number of restaurant for fast food has increased and companies are bringing creativity in market through adopting new market luring strategies in food sector. McDonalds is the leading market player in fast food with 29.5 % market share and new fast food store are also entering to grab the profit from the market (Jager, 2014). In addition to this, other market rivalries are KFC, Subway, Hungry Jacks, Dominos Pizza and Red Rooster. Bargaining power of buyers- High Bargaining power of buyers is very high because market has lot many rivalries as fast food restaurant at that customer can easily be treated and it impact the business loyalty as it have with customers. Further, new entrants are targeting the customer through low price tangent and attract the customer towards new food chain which is harmful for business to serve the mass customer base. Bargaining power of customer can also influence the business process as to other competitors meets the demand and expectation of customer with low price and quality service preference. Australian people are loyal towards brand performance but many a time price and service elements in fast food also impacts the business of major players in Australian market (Brown, 2015). Fast food sector is experiencing eating trends in this industry. If the competitors in market are delivering the better quality and operational activities are well structured than it can affect the fast food restaurants potential. So t he high bargaining power is a challenge for fast food restaurants. At the same time, product differentiation, qualitative service and efficient cost structure are the factors that impact the perception of buyers. Moreover, the high bargaining power of buyers leads to the setting of price by customer and marketers cannot avail the benefit of their price segment. Figure: Porters five forces analysis (Source: Walder, 2013) Bargaining power of suppliers- Low Bargaining power of suppliers is another tangent of porters five forces which can also affect the business significantly. Bargaining power of suppliers of suppliers in Australia fast food market is low because bulk of suppliers in the market existing to supply the raw material. In this market the market leaders are the price allocators because of the high power against the market (Wijnands and Verhoog, 2016). If the price of the raw material for food sector than business can easily switch the suppliers, it would not affect the business but suppliers demand may be affected. It is an advantage for fast food industry in Australia to gain the benefit of significant presence. At the same time, suppliers are targeting the large size food stuff for their long term relationship. It can be stated that suppliers are charging reasonable price for the raw material to supply. Along with this, the revenue for food industry is increasing with the stable rate so it is necessary for suppliers to maintain the relationship with large scale business in Australian market. In this market, dynamic changes have taken place by the introduction of globalization. Further, the healthier food divergence is also important concern for the fast food business because of the customers intentions. Forward integration of suppliers is also an influencing factor in which business involve the effective distribution chain. Threats of new entrants or barrier to the entry in the industry Moderate Fast food industry is growing very well in Australia so the new entrants are coming in the market consequently of tuff competition. Further, industry is facing the low threats from the new entrants because existing players performance also matter so it is complex for new entrants to beat the leading market players (Gough, 2014). Along with this, new comers in the industry cannot determine the level of relationship with customers as existing market players have. Moreover, economies of scale entail the decrement in cost as the restaurant business increases but at the time of entry it requires more investment so it can become a hurdle for new entrants. On the other hand, fast food entrants does not requires to get the license for starting a business but it need to follow the strict guidelines regarding the safety of health for consumers. Along with this, new entrants need to adopt the standards as per the industry norms to become a renowned marketer in food segment because of the health conscious nature of Australian. Threats of substitutes High Substitutes are the products that are close to the main product and the demand of substitutes may be increased if the price differentiation takes place. The treats of substitutes are higher. In fast food sector there are many substitutes are available for the product like pizza, burger sandwich. So, in this market threats of substitutes is high and it can impact the business of market leaders if they charge high price for same product as the competitors charge comparatively less price. It is considered that price is the major competition in food market for the availability of substitutes (Schlosser, 2012). In Australian market people are ready to pay if the perceived quality and amenities are up to the expectation. On the other hand, cheaper price of fast food products can attract the mass customer because of their intensity to consume the food at low price. It is a disadvantage for the industry to avail the benefit of substitute products. McDonalds and KFCs product contains the high value for its product and they can get the benefit of product differentiation. Importance of Porters five forces analysis for companies to enter in the market Porters five force analysis is a strategic evaluation tool which is used to determine the level of specific industry and business which are pursuing. It examines the all factors of business that can impact the business process. Basically, the competition is a major concern for business to enter. If any company is entering in the fast food industry it can use this information effectively to understand the dimension of business and create the business policy accordingly. With this, it can get the idea about competition, buyer, suppliers perspectives, entry and exit in the market to follow for a successful business. By adopting this information, newly entrant company can defeat the external market through determining the opportunities in the market so get success (Gandellini, et. al, 2012). This analysis would help the company to use the resources efficiently. It is assessed that Australian economy is experiencing the better growth in fast food industry so a company can easily enter in the market through implementing customer centric dilemma and can gain the competitive advantage over the competitors. References: Bankwest, (2017) Food and Beverage Services Industry Report. Available at: file:///C:/Users/sd/Downloads/food-services.pdf (Accessed: April 12, 2017). Brown, L. (2015) State of the World 2000. USA: Island Press. Burns, P. (2014) New Venture Creation: A Framework for Entrepreneurial Start-Ups. UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Byrnes, J. (2011) Customer Intimacy vs. Operations Excellence: Why not have both. Available at: https://www.fastcompany.com/1745758/customer-intimacy-vs-operations-excellence-why-not-have-both (Accessed: April 11, 2017). Colb, B. (2015) Entrepreneurship for the Creative and Cultural Industries. UK: Routledge. Dorris, M. (2013) Whats Your Strategy? Operational Excellence, Product Leadership or Customer Intimacy. Available at: https://www.digitalgov.gov/2013/12/02/whats-your-strategy-operational-excellence-product-leadership-or-customer-intimacy/ (Accessed: April 11, 2017). Gandellini, G., Pezzi, A. and Venanzi, D. ( 2012) Strategy for Action I: The Logic and Context of Strategic Management. Germany: Springer Science Business Media, 2012. Goldenberg, B. (2015) The Definitive Guide to Social CRM: Maximizing Customer Relationships with Social Media to Gain Market Insights, Customers, and Profits. USA: Pearson education. Gough, A. (2014) McDonalds still on top but new fast food outlets continue to enter the Australian market. Available at: https://www.couriermail.com.au/news/national/mcdonalds-still-on-top-but-new-fast-food-outlets-continue-to-enter-the-australian-market/news-story/b93753d82421271a96365c4a5f5a3134 (Accessed: April 12, 2017). Harmon, P. (2014) Business Process Change. USA: Morgan Kaufmann. Hope, J. and Player, S. (2012) Beyond Performance Management: Why, When, and How to Use 40 Tools and Best Practices for Superior Business Performance. USA: Harvard Business Press. Ibisworld, (2017) Fast Food Services in Australia. Available at: https://www.ibisworld.com.au/industry-trends/market-research-reports/accommodation-food-services/fast-food-services.html (Accessed: April 12, 2017). Jager, C. (2014) Which Is Australia's Favourite Fast Food Chain. Available at: https://www.lifehacker.com.au/2014/03/which-is-australias-favourite-fast-food-chain/ (Accessed: April 12, 2017). Kotler, P. (2011) Marketing Insights from A to Z: 80 Concepts Every Manager Needs to Know. USA: John Wiley and Sons. Mialon, M., Swinburn, B., Allender S. and Sacks, G. (2016) Systematic examination of publicly-available information reveals the diverse and extensive corporate political activity of the food industry in Australia. BMC Public Health, pp., 1-20. Schlosser, E. (2012) Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. USA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Taylor, K. (2016) These 5 trends will dominate fast food in 2016. Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com.au/5-fast-food-trends-to-watch-out-for-2015-12 (Accessed: April 12, 2017). The guardian, (2016) Temporary factors' behind Australia's recent economic growth spurt, IMF says. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/nov/15/temporary-factors-behind-australias-recent-economic-growth-spurt-imf-says (Accessed: April 12, 2017). Verweire K. and Grande J. (2011) Operational Excellence: What does it mean? What does it take. Available at: https://www.vlerick.com/en/research-and-faculty/knowledge-items/knowledge/operational-excellence-what-does-it-mean-what-does-it-take (Accessed: April 11, 2017). Verweire, K. (2014) Strategy Implementation. UK: Routledge. Vogelaar, R. (2011) The Superpromoter: The Power of Enthusiasm. UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Walder, J. (2013) A critical evaluation of Michael Porters five forces framework A critical evaluation of Michael Porters five forces framework. Germany: GRIN Verlag. Wallace, W. and Xia, Y. (2014) Delivering Customer Value through Procurement and Strategic Sourcing: A Professional Guide to Creating A Sustainable Supply Network. USA: Pearson Education. Westcott, B. (2014) Australia's fast-food market is getting smaller, healthier and more diverse. Available at: https://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/australias-fastfood-market-is-getting-smaller-healthier-and-more-diverse-20140501-zr2j7.html (Accessed: April 12, 2017). Wijnands, J. and Verhoog, D. (2016) Competitiveness of the EU food industry. Ex-post assessment of trade performance embedded in international economic theory, pp., 1-83.