The Pathophysiology Of Celiac Disease - 2023 Words

Celiac disease is a T-cell-mediated, autoimmune, genetic illness that targets the small intestine in which the absorption of nutrients, particularly fats, is impaired. The disease has been described as â€Å"a permanent intolerance to ingested gluten that damages the small intestine, characteristically inducing crypt hyperplasia and villous atrophy, and typically resolves with removal of gluten from the diet.† (AJN 34). Celiac disease appears to be more prevalent in women than in men. Genetic and immune factors are known to play a role in its development. People that have a family member with celiac disease and people that have autoimmune disorders are at higher risk to develop celiac disease. This paper outlines the pathophysiology of celiac disease, discusses signs and symptoms, the four disease types, describes testing, treatment, addresses the differences between gluten-free diet and a diet containing gluten, the use of dietary supplements, and vitamin D status. Most absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. The mucosa of the small intestine is arranged in microscopic folds, which in turn contain even smaller finger-like projections called villi. The cells of the villi are covered with microscopic hairs, microvilli, projecting from the cell membrane. The folds, villi, and microvilli of the intestinal mucosa provide a huge surface area for nutrient absorption. Cells of the intestines are specialized to absorb different nutrients. Readily digested nutrients areShow MoreRelatedThe Pathophysiology Of Celiac Disease1743 Words   |  7 PagesThe Pathophysiology of Celiac Disease Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder involving both innate and adaptive immune responses that occurs among genetically-predisposed subjects who are exposed to gluten-containing foods (Green et al. 2015). People of all ages, genders, and races can develop CD (Fasano and Catassi 2012). Individuals with CD may have gastrointestinal symptoms or sometimes no signs of symptoms. The disease is characterized by severe immune-mediated damage to the small intestineRead MorePathophysiology Of Celiac Disease Of Gluten, Wheat, Barley, And Rye1476 Words   |  6 PagesPATHOPHYSIOLOGY Celiac disease is an enteropathy mediated by an autoimmune response to gluten, a protein complex found in the endosperm of wheat, barley, and rye.1 The immune response is triggered by both environmental and genetic factors in individuals susceptible to the disease resulting in elevated levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies to tissue transglutaminase (tTG), duodenal mucosal villi atrophy, and the inability of tight junctions to properly act as a barrier between the gastrointestinalRead MorePublic Health and Nutrition Objectives541 Words   |  3 Pagesjejunum and ileum. Diarrhea. Malabsorption syndrome. Celiac disease. Diet therapy. V. Large intestine: The irritable colon, diverticula, diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel disease. Cancer, prevention. Diet therapy. VI. Liver: Acute hepatitis, cirrhosis, Ascitic-edematous syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy. Fatty liver, Wilson disease, haemochromatosis. Primitive liver cancer. Prevention and feeding. VII. Pancreas: Cystic fibrosis disease, pancreatitis, cancer. Prevention and diet therapyRead MoreCoexistence of Autoimmune Disease with Type I Diabetes Mellitus in Libyan Patients2041 Words   |  8 PagesMATERIAL AND METHODS The prospective clinical study was undertaken on 849 patients admitted in endocrine department of Tripoli Medical Center from December 2007 to July 2008. From the patients files, the concomitant disease presence or absence was also recorded; especially with reference thyroid function. The important investigations as prescribed by the physician were also recorded. patient’s serum level of T4, T3, FT4, FT3 and TSH were measured for 748 patients. The venous blood samples wereRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Crohn s Disease986 Words   |  4 PagesCrohn’s disease is an inflammatory condition that is immunologically mediated. Even though the etiology of the disease is not yet determined, results from different researches such as human genetics, clinical tests and basic science have given significant insights in the inflammatory disease pathogenesis. In addition, the studies reports that Crohn’s disease is heterogeneous disease that is characterized by different gen etic abnormalities that results to T cells responses. The research paper hasRead MoreChronic Depression And Its Effects On Children Urban And Rural Areas Across The United States Of America1545 Words   |  7 Pages In 2010, the center for disease control defined failure to thrive as inadequate growth or the inability to maintain growth in childhood using a standard growth chart. Diagnosis of failure to thrive is determined when a child`s weight for their age dips below the firth percentile of a normal growth curve. According to Cole and Lanham, in 2011, failure to thrive is seen in five to ten percent of children in the primary care settings. A higher rate of failure to thrive in infants is seen in underprivilegedRead MoreCeliac Disease8765 Words   |  36 Pages50 Celiac Disease Dascha C. Weir, MD Ciaran Kelly, MD Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy secondary to permanent sensitivity to wheat gluten and related proteins in rye and barley. It results in characteristic histologic changes consisting of inï ¬â€šammation, crypt hyperplasia, and villous atrophy of the small intestine in genetically susceptible individuals. Signiï ¬ cant variability in the clinical presentation of CD in the pediatric population complicates recognition ofRead MoreA Brief Note On Diabetes Mellitus ( Dm ) Is A Serious Disease That Affects Much Of The U.s. Population1140 Words   |  5 PagesDiscussion Post Week Nine NURS6051, N-20 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a serious disease that affects much of the U.S. population. DM occurs when the body had trouble regulating the amount of glucose in the blood stream. Although they share a similar name, Diabetes Insipidus (DI) is a different process, which involves kidney-related fluid retention problems. As advanced practice nurses (APNs) one must be able to differentiate, diagnose, and treat all three disorders appropriately. The purpose of

Sigp Grant Proposal †Joel Alvarez-Rinconeño. 1.Taking

SIGP Grant Proposal — Joel Alvarez-Rinconeà ±o 1. Taking English classes first quarter and throughout high school has unearthed my deep-rooted passion and love for writing and reading. I am most excited for the opportunity to spread my knowledge and expertise to these young children about a language with such a powerful and complex history. Previously, I studied abroad in Santiago, Chile for two months. Participating in this abroad program reinforced and improved my adaptability in differing cultural and social environments. Given this experience, I have been inspired to continue traveling and exploring the world during college. Currently, I am on the track to declaring a major in sociology, a minor in English, and obtaining an integrated†¦show more content†¦I will work five days a week (possibly six) from 7:30 am to 4:00 pm teaching young children in a classroom. I will have to create basic teaching and adapt my curriculum based on my prospective students’ level of understanding. My students will have little to no exposure to English, therefore I must use my creativity and problem-solving skills to teach my students with limited teaching materials. I am confident that my experience will improve my ability to be resilient and adaptable in new cultural environments. Furthermore, I will become more articulate when communicating with others, even when there may be language barriers. I want to effectively spread my knowledge, while also being open and receptive to the knowledge that my students may share with me. Also, my current suburban/city lifestyle at Northwestern will be completely juxtaposed by the rural Thailand environment where I will live. This internship opportunity will challenge the current level of comfort that I experience on a day-to-day basis while living here in the United States. I will develop a newfound appreciation for the goods and services I tend to take for granted since I will experience limited access to water and electricity. Furthermore, I am convinced that I will look back at this pivotal time in my life and remember how powerful my international internship experience was in helping me appreciate the b eauty that lies in the diversity of world cultures. Realistically, the only way to

Gore vs bush Essay Example For Students

Gore vs bush Essay Category:Social IssuesPaper Title:gore vs. bushText:Gore vs. BushForeign PolicyCHINABush would like to redefine the relationship between China and the UnitedStates to become one of competitors, not partners. Both Bush and Gore feel thatthe free market will most likely produce more individual freedom in China and healso supports increased trade with them. They also agree on defending Taiwanagainst aggression from the mainland, supporting the One-China Policy that hasdefined our relationship with them for a number of years. Gore believes thatchina should be encouraged to be a prosperous society by inducting them intovarious international institutions. He also feels that the U.S. should be amediator between China and Taiwan. RUSSIABush opposes any further monetary assistance to Russia from the InternationalMonetary Fund because he says he fears that government officials will pocket themoney. Gore says he supports providing financial assistance to the Russiangovernment so that they can become a free market democracy. He feels that bothRussias and Chinas threat to the U.S. is in their weaknesses, not theirstrength. Richard Nixon also argued this point. MIDDLE EAST / ISRAELGore and Bush both agree that the Israeli-Palestinian peace process needs tobe moved forward. Bush says that the U.S. embassy should be moved from Tel-Avivto Jerusalem and he wants to work at re-establishing weapons inspection in Iraq. Gore vows to keep working with U.S. allies so Saddam Hussein isolated and toeventually get him out of power. He also said he would use military forcesagainst Iraq if it ever became necessary. AFRICABoth Bush and Gore feel that free trade will aid in building democracy andeconomic development in struggling Third World Countries. Gore supports debtforgiveness to the poorest of these nations and Western aid to help in stoppingthe spread of HIV/AIDS in Central and Southern Africa. OTHERBoth Bush and Gore support the Good Friday Accord in Northern Ireland, whichcalls for both sides to lay down arms. Gore wants to assist dialogue betweenNorth Korea and South Korea, and India and Pakistan. Bush wants to increasetrade and investment with India making it a secure force in Asia and aidAustralia with its peacekeeping efforts in east Timor. MilitaryBoth candidates are in favor of increasing the pay for military personaland also for increasing benefits. Gore wants to enhance military readiness bymaintaining a strong force, which will result from increased training. Bushfeels that morale is low in the military. Medicare Drug PlansCOSTBushs Medicare Drug Plan will cost him roughly $ 158 billion over the nextten years. Gores plan will cost him $ 253 billion over the next ten years. LOW INCOME SENIORSBoth Bushs and Gores plans for low-income seniors will take effectimmediately. Bushs plan includes free prescription drugs for seniors thatearn up to 135% of the poverty level, or $11300 for a single person. He willgive partial coverage for seniors that earn up to 175% of the poverty level, or$14600 for a single person. Gores plans for free prescription drugs are thesame as Bushs. However, Gore will give partial coverage for seniors that earnup to 150% of the poverty level, or $12450 for a single person. MAIN MEDICARE PLANSBushs plan would not take effect for several years; it would let seniorschoose from a government and private Medicare plans, all with a prescriptiondrug option. However, Bushs plan would create incentives for healthierseniors to move to cheaper plans, leaving the sick in traditional Medicare anddriving up its costs. Gores plan would take effect immediately, adding aprescription drug program to the two existing Medicare programs for doctors andhospitals. His plan will, however, offer no options and would use more tax moneythat bushs proposed plan. .ue85df65c88691dca58613e7a68e73465 , .ue85df65c88691dca58613e7a68e73465 .postImageUrl , .ue85df65c88691dca58613e7a68e73465 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue85df65c88691dca58613e7a68e73465 , .ue85df65c88691dca58613e7a68e73465:hover , .ue85df65c88691dca58613e7a68e73465:visited , .ue85df65c88691dca58613e7a68e73465:active { border:0!important; } .ue85df65c88691dca58613e7a68e73465 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue85df65c88691dca58613e7a68e73465 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue85df65c88691dca58613e7a68e73465:active , .ue85df65c88691dca58613e7a68e73465:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue85df65c88691dca58613e7a68e73465 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue85df65c88691dca58613e7a68e73465 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue85df65c88691dca58613e7a68e73465 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue85df65c88691dca58613e7a68e73465 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue85df65c88691dca58613e7a68e73465:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue85df65c88691dca58613e7a68e73465 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue85df65c88691dca58613e7a68e73465 .ue85df65c88691dca58613e7a68e73465-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue85df65c88691dca58613e7a68e73465:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Part 3- Marriage and Children EssayEducationLOCAL CONTROLBoth gore and Bush want the federal government to take a more active role ineducation, but Bush would like to put more stress on local control. He wants tostrengthen local control by establishing a $500 million fund to reward statesand schools that improve performance. Gore wants to invest $115 billion ineducation over the next ten years. SCHOOL CHOICEBoth favor greater choice. The difference is that Gore wants to keep theoptions within the public school system, while Bush favors partialprivatization. Bush would like to create a voucher program that would letfamilies use public money to send their children to private schools. Gorestrongly opposes this saying that vouchers draw recourses from the publicschools. Both candidates would like to increase the number of charter schools. TEACHERSBoth Bush and Gore call for higher standards for teachers. Gore will use partof his proposed $115 billion to provide for raises, he will offer $10 000bonuses to those who go to college to become teachers and those that switchcareers to teaching. Bush would expand loan forgiveness for math and sciencemajors who commit to teach in high-need schools for five years. He would alsocreate a $400 tax deduction for teachers that spend their own money forschoolroom supplies. Social Issues

plyethene Essays - Polymer Chemistry, Polyethylene, Addition Polymer

Polyethylene Polyethylene is a polymer consisting of long chains of the monomer ethylene (IUPAC name ethene). The recommended scientific name 'polyethene' is systematically derived from the scientific name of the monomer. In certain circumstances it is useful to use a structure?based nomenclature. In such cases IUPAC recommends poly(methylene). The difference is due to the 'opening up' of the monomer's double bond upon polymerisation. In the polymer industry the name is sometimes shortened to PE, in a manner similar to that by which other polymers like polypropylene and polystyrene are shortened to PP and PS, respectively. In the United Kingdom the polymer is commonly called polythene, although this is not recognised scientifically. The ethene molecule (known almost universally by its common name ethylene), C2H4 is CH2=CH2, Two CH2 groups connected by a double bond. Polyethylene is created through polymerization of ethene. It can be produced through radical polymerization, anionic addition polymerization, ion coordination polymerization or cationic addition polymerization. This is because ethene does not have any substituent groups that influence the stability of the propagation head of the polymer. Each of these methods results in a different type of polyethylene. Polyethylene can be produced by various methods: Radical polymerization, anionic addition polymerization, cationic addition polymerization, or ion coordination polymerization. Each of these methods results in a different type of polyethylene. Some types of polyethylene are made by copolymerization of ethylene with short-chain alpha-olefins, such as 1-butene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene.

A Personal Letter to My Dad essays

A Personal Letter to My Dad essays I know that you are angry and upset with me, and I understand why-but I also want to explain myself to you. I am too uncomfortable to talk with you in person and I thought that, by writing you a letter, I could say what I needed to say without either one of us getting too upset or fighting. I also hope that you will really, really read what I have to say and give thought to it so that you understand me better. I don't think that you realize how incredibly important this is to me, but I'm not blaming you for that. I think it's because I haven't expressed myself correctly, in the way that I need to, in order to make sure that you understand how I actually feel and why...and in order to make sure that you realize what my girlfriend means to me and that this is not just some passing fancy that will only last a few months and then be over with and gone – entirely forgotten. That will not happen. First, I understand why you are upset about the other day when I climbed the wall to my girlfriend's room and her father caught me in there with her. I can see that it looked bad and why people thought what they did, but I can honestly assure you that I did not have any dishonorable intentions. I was not climbing into her room for physical pleasure of any kind. I only wanted to see her and talk to her for just a few minutes, and then I was going to leave. I hadn't even planned to climb up the wall, but had only planned to wave to her and smile at her from the street below. However, I wanted to see her so badly that, when she suggested I climb up, I was unable to say no. I was consumed with the need to be near her and talk to her face-to-face as opposed to only seeing her from her window. I was not trying to cause trouble, and I now wish that I would not have climbed the wall, but everyone makes mistakes in their life and I cannot go back and change what I have already done. Please, dad, I really need you to understand how much I ca ...

How to Get a Birthday Cake Delivered to a College Dorm

How to Get a Birthday Cake Delivered to a College Dorm Whether youre a parent or a friend, sending a birthday cake to a students dorm room can be one of the most thoughtful things you can do during those stressful college years. Parents worry about their kids while theyre away, and friends want to celebrate in style with fun surprises. Whether youre long distance or just want to make your kid or friend smile, sending a little celebratory gift can make all the difference. Delivering Birthday Cakes to Dorms The first thing you want to do is see if the college you want to send a cake to offers special orders for birthday treats through their dining halls or student life services. This would be a fast solution, so scouting out the possibilities is key. Simply inquire when you visit the campus during orientation or give them a quick call. At the University of Delaware, for instance, you can send a YoUDee Gram –a 10 to 15-minute visit by the school mascot, who is a giant blue chicken that arrives at the students dorm with balloons, an autographed photo, and more than a little comic pizazz. Parents and friends can also call the University of Delawares dining hall to order a personalized birthday cake for dorm delivery or pick up. In fact, other colleges like Stanfords parent association  deliver birthday cakes, balloons, and flowers, as a fundraiser for the college endowment fund. Bakery Deliveries Some college town bakeries deliver on campus. However, if you cant find a local patisserie, there are plenty of bakers who will ship their wares overnight or via two-day mail. Simply check in with the campus mail room to see if any restrictions apply. Some accept FedEx or UPS overnight, while others prefer US postal service deliveries. Get creative with all the fun possibilities for your cake send by drawing inspiration from other colleges: Arizona’s Fairytale Brownies  mails a birthday box with brownies, a teddy bear, a kazoo, and a pin-the-tail-on-the-donkey game for around $50.The Delaware-based SAS Cupcakes ships assorted vanilla, triple chocolate, and red velvet cupcakes decorated for birthdays or Greek life events, accompanied by little flags with your child or friends Greek letters. Delivered by the dozen, this delivery costs around $45. A Homemade Birthday Box Forget all the headaches and assemble your own birthday-in-a-box. Frosted cakes dont do well in the mail, so you can bake a cake. The moister the cake, the better. Consider flavors like  pumpkin, carrot, or banana. Once youve baked your cake, youll want to make sure its wrapped before you ship it off. Include little additions to your care package, like a simple can of supermarket frosting, a box of candles, and a birthday tiara. Alternatively, you can bake up a batch of chocolate cookies that are  decorated to look like cupcakes, and ship them off. For something extra, add a birthday card or a small gift.

As temperature increases the level of turbidity increases Lab Report

As temperature increases the level of turbidity increases - Lab Report Example 107). It can be said that it is the measure of how much light can pass on the water, and this may be influenced by suspending matter in the water; these may be sediments, organic matter, eroded soil, silt, industrial waste to mention a few. The particles resting at the bottom of water may also be stirred up by water movement, people or storm runoff. With levels of turbidity may indicate the water is unhealthy for aquatic life as light will not easily penetrate to the bottom. Introduction:Temperature may determine the conditions in which matter exists. Minute temperature changes in water may change the conditions and thus make the aquatic life hard to survive in. Temperature changes may also result from deforestation thus allowing more sun to directly shine in the water. Factories and other power plants use water as a coolant and later discharge it back to water sources, this changes the water temperatures. The above reasons were the inspiration for this experiment. The results: The results demonstrate that at 40 degrees Celsius the lowest level of turbidity were recorded. An average reading of 21.65 in the turbidimeter was recorded. At 10 degrees Celsius an average turbidity of 21.65 was noted, at 30 degrees Celsius an average of 21.72 value was recorded, our control was 20 degree Celsius which recorded a reading of 22.38 Conclusion: My hypothesis was that when temperatures increase turbidity of water also increases, this hypothesis should not be accepted as the results recorded did not show any correlation between the water samples taken and the level of turbidity. Recommendations: In the future this experiment should be done in a well controlled environment where the surrounding or confounding variables are well controlled so that they do not have an influence on the experiment. Parker, Gary, and Coastal River. River, Coastal, and Estuarine Morphodynamics: RCEM 2005, Proceeding of the 4th IAHR Symposium on River, Coastal, and Estuarine

Social Networking Sites for Communication Term Paper

Social Networking Sites for Communication - Term Paper Example Organisation culture explicitly defines an organization from others. The uniqueness of a culture contributes to the success of the organisation. They influence the mode of interaction, communication and the pursuit of the organisation goals. It forms the framework of evaluating organisation communication and the avenue for embracing individual and collective actions in the organisation. Organisation culture has a direct link with organisation communication. The way an individual communicates with others in an organisation influence the organisation's culture. It becomes more important when employees and managers need to communicate on the organization's culture. A clear understanding of the role of communication in organisational culture helps one to maximize his skills and hence the attainment of the organization’s goals (Champoux, 2010). Social networking sites are an example of communications that can effectively relay information. Organisation cultures equally adapt genera l characteristics that aid in the running of an organisation. The organisation culture characteristics directly affect the performance of stakeholders and thus the productivity of an organisation (Towers, 2006). Productivity is the act of utilizing the available resources to generate significant outcomes. Productivity aims at maximum profits and depends on factors like motivation, participation, and training. Communication plays a very significant role in an organisation. This paper will address will analyze how social networking sites help employers to communicate organisation cultures to the employees. The paper will also discuss four organisational culture characteristics that may motivate or de-motivate an employee’s productivity. The organisation culture characteristics definition depends on many aspects. From a communicative point of view, this paper will define four distinct characteristics of organisation culture. They include dynamic, competing assumptions and values, inextricable link, and foreground and background for an organ ization’s communication. The social networking sites that may help in communicating these characteristics include Face book, twitter, yahoo, and blogs. There must be an inextricable link between an organisation culture and the organizations’ members. One individual does not create an organisations culture. Everybody who symbolically, physically or even socially participates in the activities of an organisation has a significant impact in the creation, development, reaction, and maintenance of its culture. Hence, every individual must be part of the culture. The coded languages and procedures used in a company is a culture that passes conveniently to new employees who have a chance of improving or altering it. Therefore, an organisations culture incorporates new and old employees. Hence, the culture cannot exist in isolation with the organisation members who created and maintains it. Therefore, all employees own the culture and will thus be motivated to perform as it di rects. This helps in attaining the organisations goals as well as improving productivity. According to Trice and Beyer, an organisation culture is dynamic and not static (Keyton, 2010). This is so because an organisational cu

Sustainable Agriculture Essay Example for Free

Sustainable Agriculture Essay As the main objectives of the fieldtrip are to view the integrated system farm, therefore we have to relate this fieldtrip with our subject, Sustainable Agriculture. Based on the definitions of the sustainable agriculture, it is defined as an integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a site-specific application that will, over the long term: a) Satisfy human food and fiber needs, b) Enhance environment quality and the natural resource base upon which the agricultural economy depends, c) Make the most efficient use of non-renewable resources and on-farm resources and integrate, were appropriate, natural biological cycles and controls, d) Sustain the economic viability of farm operations, and e) Enhance the quality of life for farmers and society as a whole. Hence, there are several principles in sustainable agriculture must comprise of which are economic viability, environmental sound and socially. These principles we can found it in MARDI station Sg. Baging as we tour around in the station. Sustainable agriculture Principles’: 1) Economy viability Economically viable means that the farmers can produce enough for self sufficient income and gain sufficient returns. Economic viability is measured not only in terms of direct produce but also in terms of functions such as conserving resources and minimizing risks also. 2) Ecologically sound Ecologically sound means that quality of natural resources is maintained and the vitality of the entire agro-ecosystems from human beings, crops and animals to soil organisms is enhanced. This is best ensured when the soil is managed and the health of crops, animal and human is maintained through biological processes. 3) Socially Just Socially just means that the resources and power are distributed in such a way that the basic need of all members of society are met and their rights to land use, adequate capital, technical assistance are assured. All people should have opportunity to participate in the decision making. After understands what is mean by these principles, hence, we, as the students have to relate on which criteria that MARDI station Sg. Baging portrayed. Sustainable Agriculture at MARDI station Sg. Baging Some of the criteria that are showed by MARDI station Sg. Baging are: 1) Economic viable i) Varieties of Livestock Products| MARDI station Sg. Baging has successfully breed local sheep with Dorper sheep species from African that are high quality in meat. This species are great meat producers which can reach a live weight of 90-120 kg and ewes 50-80kg. It is suitable to sale in domestic market and international sale of prime lamb meat. Currently, MARDI sale it based on demand. Besides, its wool also can be commercialized as material for pillow. | ii) sheep dung as manure products| In addition, sheep dung from Dorper species also can be used as biologically manure for plants here and also can be commercialize. About 25 kg, these manures are sold at RM 5 while RM 7- RM8 for treated one. One of the staff on duty said that the sheep dung is collected in built drain near the sheep -pen and it will move to manure trap behind the sheep-pen. It does not have any uncomfortable smell as the staff insert in food pallets products named Genkimo that use a technology to make it less odor. | iii) Commercialize screwpine coconut product| Besides, there also plants Screwpine Coconut or also called as ‘Kelapa Pandan’. It is tasty, sweet, and has a thick layer of coconut flesh. It is suitable for coconut shake and coconut jelly to be commercialize. It is sold at RM 1. 50 for each coconut. | | | 2) Environmentally sound i) Uses of natural sources of water| For drinking water, watering the plants, the station used underground water sources by using a machine that is called tube well. It is function by using generator and also can be handled manually. It is not only used as sources of watering and drinking but also use for other necessity like washing the instrument, cleaning the sheep-pen and others. Even though, the station is near the sea, but it is not salty and can be used as drinking water for the animal without treated. | iii) Integrated pest management| The uniqueness of MARDI is they apply integrated pest management as one of the system in handling pests. It is a system that are friendly to environment where it is also count in Air Index in the respective area before treat the plants. Before treat, they will analysis what disease attacks the tree to avoid repetition of treatment. It is not only waste the pesticide but indirectly also pollute the air in local area if conduct frequently. Therefore, integrated pest management is about biologically control of the disease and attacks of pest and periodic treated of pests using pesticides. | iv) Biologically control of pest (natural)| For protecting the fruits from fruits flies, they wrap it with newspaper. It is a method| | |

Should We Pay Farmers Not to Grow Crops? Essay -- Argumentative Agricu

Should We Pay Farmers Not to Grow Crops? The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) was established under the Conservation Title of the 1985 Food Security Act and is still in place today. This program which intended to assist with possible environmental problems is one that is beneficial to the farmers and our country's environment and therefore should stay in effect. However, it should be examined how this program is being conducted to ensure that the original objectives are being met today and with maximum efficiency. When the CRP was established in 1985 as a voluntary acreage retirement program, there were seven stated objectives that were introduced as well. 'The stated objectives of the CRP are to (a) reduce water and wind erosion, (b) protect our long-term capability to produce food and fiber, (c) reduce sedimentation, (d) improve water quality, (e) create better habitat for fish and wildlife through improved food and cover, (f) curb production of surplus commodities, and (g) provide needed income support for farmers' (Boggess and Reichelderfer 111). The program also was subject to the constraints of having a minimum of 5 million acres enrolled by 1986 and at least 10 million acres by 1989. It was also specified that no more than 25% of any one specific county's cropland can be enrolled in the program at the same time. (Boggess and Reichelderfer 111). In order to be qualified for the program owners and operators who currently farm 'highly erodible' land may apply for program funding. According to Dana Hoag and Herb Holloway, highly erodible land is defined as 'having an erodibility index greater than or equal to 8' (185). The main benefits of this program include the extra income for the farmers and the positive env... ... and Katherine Reichelderfer. ?Government Decision Making and Program Performance: The Case of the Conservation Reserve Program.? American Journal of Agricultural Economics. February 1988. 111-121. Buchholtz, Shawn, and Michael J. Roberts. ?Slippage in the Conservation Reserve Program or Spurious Correlation? A Comment.? American Journal of Agricultural Economics. February 2005. 244-250. Hoag, Dana L., and Herb A. Holloway. ?Farm Production Decisions Under Cross and Conservation Compliance.? American Journal of Agricultural Economics. February 1991. 184-193. Smith, Rodney B.W. ?The Conservation Reserve Program as a Least-Cost Land Retirement Mechanism.? American Journal of Agricultural Economics. April 2005. 52-67. Wu, Jun Jie. ?Slippage Effects of the Conservation Reserve Program.? American Journal of Agricultural Economics. November 2000. 979-992.

Analysis of a Play Essay

In Edward Bok Lee’s â€Å"El Santo Americano,† a professional wrestler kidnaps his wife and child as he drives to Mexico, hoping to reinvent himself and keep his family together. Clay is a disgraced professional wrestler who drives his wife and son with him to Mexico. There, he hopes to reinvent himself as a wrestler, and not be taken as a joke. He also hopes to improve his failing relationship with his family. It is revealed shortly into the play that Clay has in fact taken his wife and son by force, when Evalana tells him to stop so she can take a bathroom break, and Clay says â€Å"if I stop, you’ll try to run again. † He also has brought a gun with him. As the story progresses, Clay pulls over, giving Evalana the â€Å"opportunity† to run away, to which she promises she won’t. Clay then gives a long monologue revealing his wrestling life, including when he had finally won a match and the audience actually cheered him on, appreciating a â€Å"real† match as opposed to â€Å"so much phoney bullshit (they had seen) through the years. †More importantly, during the monologue, Clay reveals that he had won to give his wife and son something to believe in, and so his son could for once not â€Å"see his daddy get beat time and again. † During the long monologue, Evalana temporarily runs off, and Clay aims the gun at himself, eventually just putting it into his mouth. Evalana eventually reappears, and gives a monologue of her own. She tells of a family trip she went on to Disneyland when she was about their son Jesse’s age. Along the way, her father woke the family up in Arizona, so they could see a big dam at night. It was during that time that she was fascinated by a rainbow she saw at night. The next night, while the family was camping out, Evalana saw a distant town that enchanted her, â€Å"shining with tiny stars that weren’t really stars, surrounded by rainbows that weren’t really rainbows. † She reveals that she imagined she was born in that town, and that was the place the family was heading to instead of Disneyland. Following Evalana’s monologue, it is revealed that Jesse has driven off without them. Clay and Evalana look at each other, the gun still in Clay’s mouth, and Evalana proceeds to remove the gun from his mouth, and aims it at him. Overall, this was a successful play which had conflicts between the characters, and ended in a twist in which their son abandons them in the desert. The play reveals the tragedy of a man who wants to prove himself to his family, and his own son abandons him and leaves both him and his wife stranded in the end. I liked the story and the tensions in this play, as well as the ending I did not expect coming. However, I did not like the long monologues told by both Clay and Evalana, which I found hard to follow. In addition, the fact that no sentences began with capital letters made the play hard to read. I feel like the play could have improved if it did not have such long monologues, and shorter bits of character dialogue with each other.

Michelle Obama Analysis

October 9, 2012 Written Analysis 1) Speech Goal: What is the goal of the speech? What does the speaker want the listener to do? * The overall goal for Michelle Obama’s speech s to inform the audience that her husband, President Barack Obama is for the people. She wants them to realize that he can relate to every class in America. He has struggled with the same problems that America is facing today at some point in his life. The speaker wants the audience to appreciate who they have as a leader and to be confident enough to re-elect him again. 2) Speech Organization: What is the overall organizational structure of the message? Remember Chapters 11, 12, 13, 14) * The overall message was in a motivated sequence with the 5 steps, attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action. 3) Speakers Role: What kind of relationship has the speaker established with the audience? Does he or she speak from a position of power? As an equal? How does this role established by the speaker influence the speech’s effectiveness * Mrs. Obama creates a more equal relationship rather than being superior to the audience even though she has a great deal of power on her back.She speaks to them from an eye to eye perspective. The way the speaker shows the audience how much they can actually relate, the audience is prone to find favor in their similar situations and is more likely to gain a liking for him. This speech is very effective because the audience can see that President Obama and his wife feels what they feel and they know what’s it like to have issues. They didn’t grow up rich, without experiencing the downfalls of society; they had to climb that ladder of success as normal American’s. ) Speaker’s Tone: What is the overall tone, or â€Å"feel,† of the message? How does the speaker use supporting material and delivery clues to establish an overall tone of speech? * This speech has a tone of hope and equality. After hearing this speech you can’t help but feel hopeful that things will get better. The first lady helps you see that it’s possible to make it. There is hope for every family that wants to send their children to college just like there is hope for every family who has soldiers serving their country.Not only that, but there is a sense of equality in the speakers tone to help the audience relate to a much further extent. 5) Speakers Techniques: What does the speaker do to establish credibility? Does the speaker use logical arguments, tell effective and interesting stories, use emotional appeals, and use interesting and precise language? * The speaker creates credibility by basically saying she’s been in their footsteps, especially with her father having a disability and with him being a father and sending his children to college even if he did have to take out loans when he fell short.The speaker does use logical arguments, tells effective and interesting stories, use emotional appeals, and use interesting and precise language. The speaker shows her sincerity in everything she says which shows the audience how much passion is behind every word and scenario. 6) Audience: Who is the intended audience? How effectively and appropriate does the speaker connect to the interest, needs and background of the audience? How does the speaker make the connection with the audience? The intended audience is more of the middle class, she states a lot of issues that middle class people go through, even as growing up as a middle class child, and she went through those same issues. She connects with them by being able to say, â€Å"Yes I’ve been there, and Yes I’ve made it through. † 7) What was your favorite aspect of the speech, and why? * My favorite aspect is how she gives the audience that reassurance that even though times may be hard right now that it is not the end.You have to believe in America and hope for the best. No country or President is p erfect. We have to have our President’s back and show we that we have faith in him. 8) Why is this activity relevant? What do you learn from watching speeches? * This activity was very relevant because as young adults, we need to be more in tuned with what’s going on in our society. We see how the speaker comes across to America by noticing several points that we’ve discussed in class. We learn what to do to improve as speakers ourselves.

Nader for President essays

Nader for President essays Well one big reason Ralph Nader should be president is because the whole left wing right wing game was a sham, Democrats and their false liberalism, Republicans and their horrible conservatism. I think we need to go to the extreme left wing, back to grassroots campaigns and honest politicians. Washington does not belong to the government, nor to the people. Washington is corporate occupied territory, Democrats and Republicans are just a facade for Big Business. They can deny it forever the fact still remains that both parties accept money from special interest groups. Unlike the rest of the Presidential hopefuls, Ralph Nader is not running his campaign based on fear. Republicans play on the fear of terrorism and Democrats play on the fear of Bush. Ralph Nader says America should vote on conscience. Would you consider making up your mind before you hear the facts an ignorant thing to do? Well thats what party politics is, a bunch of people with no opinion of their own, They are puppets that stand with their party on almost every issue. You and I both know that we are conservative about some things and liberal about others. For instance Im conserative on the issue of murder rates in the country, but Im liberal about J-walking. At the rate we are goin we wont have a country left to enjoy our freedom on, No other presidential hopeful seems to realize how Important the enviroment is except Ralph Nader. The other canidates are worried about the money, but they dont realize that ther is no economy without ecology. ...

What To Do When Your Writers Turn In Bad Posts

What To Do When Your Writers Turn In Bad Posts A few years ago, I had a side job moonlighting as an editor for a fairly successful app review and Apple rumors website. I was one of several editors, and I had about 10 freelance authors assigned to me. The skill levels of the various writers ranged widely, but one particular author stood out. Well call him Mike. The good thing I can say about Mike is that he was consistent. Unfortunately, the thing he was most consistent at was being a terrible writer. As if that wasnt enough, he was a prolific writer. Sometimes, Id step away from the computer to return an hour later to 3 or 4 more terrible posts marked as ready for review. The best way I can describe Mikes writing is with a word picture. Imagine the awful, awkward wailing sound that would assault your earholes if you were to steamroll a pile of bagpipes. It was like that, but for the eyes. Rules of basic grammar, spelling, logic, punctuation, and even common sense were all left bleeding on the floor with mortal wounds with every post he turned in. I probably would have felt sorry for Mike if I hadnt felt like he was torturing me. How to Handle the Mikes On your team, you may have your own Mike, but if the truth be told, sometimes we all have our Mike moments. If youre an editor, you are already well aware of this. So what should you do when someone on your team submits a real stinker? Here are a few tips. Be Gracious Some authors take their work more seriously than others and may require different handling, but you should always strive to be a gracious editor, slow to dole out a harsh word and quick to patience. If the post is terrible, it is important to ask yourself if this is a pattern with this author. If the answer is no, dont worry about it too much and just follow the advice below. But if it is a pattern, it may be time to reassess the value that author brings to your team. Is he creating more work for your editors? At one point, 85% of my time each night was spent on Mike. A bad author is like a plane flying with the landing gear down. Its just extra drag. Look for Silver Linings Believe me. I know that when a post is bad, its hard to focus on much else. But youre well-served to try to note the things the author did well before you launch into the negative. Note that this is not the same as patronizing or being insincere. In fact, if you genuinely cant find anything positive about the bad post, its better to move on than to make something up. What did the author do well? Was it an interesting idea that was just poorly put together? Was the intro or ending good, but just weak in the middle? Try to find the silver linings and you may be surprised to find how much more receptive the author is to hear your feedback. Be Honest I once heard an analogy about giving criticism. Its like throwing a brick because criticism is kind of heavy and no one really likes receiving it. Some people go out of their way to throw bricks because they just like to smash peoples feelings. On the other hand, some people hate giving criticism and their critique is just too mushy to be useful, which is more like throwing velvet. The happy medium is to throw the velvet brick. You want the criticism to be truthful, but easier to receive. So just as you should look for the silver linings (the velvet), you must also be honest. After all, as the editor, you are ultimately responsible for the content on your site. If something isnt working, and especially if it is part of a pattern, you owe it to your readers and even your brand to level with your author to let them know. You want your editorial criticism to be truthful, but easy to receive.Educate I have friends who constantly misuse then and than. For example, Red is better then green. Youve probably also noticed abuse of the word your and youre, as in Your going to regret that. The internet is full of these grammar abuses, and there is no shortage of grammar police who feel like these abusers evidently enjoy the word-equivalent of nails on a chalkboard. But most of the time, these are just honest mistakes. People forget grammar rules they learned in the 5th grade and just need a refresher. Be willing to carefully and constructively educate your authors who make these mistakes, especially the common ones. If they are good team members, they will want to help make your job easier. Educate them to self-edit, and they will do just that. Reevaluate Your Team Even though my mom didnt like when B.A. Baracus used the word fool, I used to love watching the 80s TV show, The A-Team when I was a kid. I liked the theme music, but I also kind of liked the idea that everyone on the team was a specialist at something. Hannibal was the brains and leader, Face was good with disguise, Murdock, though loopy, was a great pilot, and B.A. was the brute force because sometimes things just needed to be smashed. I attended a conference a couple of years ago where Dave Ramsey spoke on the importance of hiring a good team. He emphasized the importance of evaluating people thoroughly, even for the seemingly unimportant roles. His point was that everyone has a job to do, and you want to make sure you have the people on your team who have the skills to help get you there and not be a drag. We kept Mike for far too long. He wrote awful posts, and he came with a lot of drama that sucked down a lot of our time. It wasnt my call then, but we should have just let him go at the first signs of his resistance to be taught and improve himself. If you have an author that has a pattern of less-than-excellence, and honest criticism and education have not helped, its time to reevaluate. You probably have a C-member on your A-Team.

Research Methods in Leisure and Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research Methods in Leisure and Tourism - Essay Example The use of qualitative and qualitative approaches has been recommended in researches involving social sciences. Nevertheless, each approach has its own advantages and disadvantages that can affect the outcome of the research. In order to come up with reliable research, it is important the researcher have a good understanding of each approach and hence be able to choose which approach is going to be used in particular situations. This report presents a comparison of methodological approaches used in two researches by different researchers. The report compares the research methods used in the two articles and offers a comparative analysis of the articles. The articles indicated below; Pourtaheri1, M., Rahmani, K. & Ahmadi, H. 2012. Impacts of Religious and Pilgrimage Tourism in Rural Areas: The Case of Iran, Journal of Geography and Geology, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 122-129 Haq, F., Jackson, J. & Wong, H. Y. 2012. Marketing spiritual tourism: qualitative interviews with private tourism opera tors in Pakistan, Central Queensland University. These articles have been chosen for various reasons. First the articles researches on key interesting topics that most researchers have never been undertaken. Therefore, the articles form a blueprint for further research in an interesting topic in the Arab countries. The other reason is that the articles are current and well researched with references and evidences included to back up the research process and the research finding. The final reason is that the articles have used two different approaches, one qualitative and the other quantitative thus presenting the learner with a good opportunity to compare the two research methodologies dealing with almost the same subject in the similar environment. The first article sought to find out religious and pilgrimage tourism impacted on the rural lives and used Iran as the case studies. The second article sought to find out how marketing of spiritual tourism was done and sought the views o f tourism operators in Pakistan. The two articles therefore have a correlation in many aspects including the investigation of almost similar subject area tourism and the Islamic environment in which the tourism was practiced (Pourtaheri1, Rahmani & Ahmadi, 2012, p. 122) The first article used a quantitative approach in the study by distributing closed questionnaires to a sample of 300 household. The questionnaires were designed in accordance with information collected from the literature review that the researchers had done before. This was important in designing the questions since the researcher had already collected information on tourism research and were acquainted with the dynamics of such type of research (Raj, R. & Morpeth, 2007). The researchers therefore wanted to build on the information they had collected in their literature and substantiated the findings of other researchers or come up with new knowledge religious and pilgrimage tourism and how it impacted on the rural lives in areas like Iran. The choice of Iran’s rural countryside was strategic in the sense that this would provide a better understanding of how religious tourism can change the perception of people especially in rural areas where tradition and cultural practices in the issues of religion and pilgrimage are dearly cherished by the residents. In using the questionnaires, the researchers employed a qualitative method in their study (Flick, 2009, p. 5). The study was carried out for two weeks through random sampling of households. Other

Sales planning and operations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sales planning and operations - Assignment Example In such cases, the exhibition becomes beneficial where the company can test the consumer reaction. However, the exhibition also possesses many disadvantages. For instance, it involves the availability of all the staffs for a particular period and so there is no concentration in other fields. Also, exhibitions are found to be very costly for a company. There is a difference between industrial and consumer divisions. Industrial divisions basically deal with industries whereas consumer divisions deal with various retail outlets. Exhibitions like trade fair, canton fair, conference, as well as exhibitions in overseas can be targeted for a luggage company. The conference programme can be quite effective for a luggage company. The conference held between the company and the customers or distributors could help in taking the sales order and enhancing the demand along with brand loyalty. The exhibition is one of the tools frequently used by companies as their communication strategy. It conve ys about the products’ features and advantages of using it. Basically, the exhibition team is managed by an organization among the employees themselves who can conveniently influence the customers and make them understand the product features. Exhibitions would actually be beneficial for the luggage company because customers in today's context require the detailed explanation for the purchase of products like iPads and tablet computers and moreover it would easily influence the customers and solve their queries at once.... The strategies can include channel segmentation and selection of effective channel for the distribution of the product among others (Boone & Kurtz, 2011). Target Marketing is very essential for the introduction of new product in the market. Target market is generally focussed on a specific market where the probability of buying iPads and tablet computers would be more. The term ‘target market’ involves focusing or evaluating various factors like targeting the current customers, analysing the competition, and evaluating the demographic factors. The target market for the luggage company can be people belonging to 18-40 years group. It can also target travellers like leisure traveller, business traveller and adventurous travellers among others (Boone & Kurtz, 2011). The company must evaluate the marketing mix effectively that is to be used for launch or marketing of the new product. The word mix describes the strategies’ combination of price, product, place and promo tion of the products. The company can make pricing strategies depending on the ability and need of the customer and also evaluating the price fixed by the competitor. Different promotional activities like sales promotion, advertising and publicity can be useful in enhancing the growth. The strategies for product will help in building the features according to the customer requirement and similarly, strategies for place would help it in evaluating the place where the probability of purchase would be higher. The company has to make proper decisions on the utilization of the right marketing mix at the right place (Boone & Kurtz, 2011). Promotional mix generally specifies all the techniques or

Problem Solving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Problem Solving - Essay Example Two rooms needed painting; I had problems with the kitchen plumbing and had electrical issues with the lighting in two rooms. A contractor came by and gave me an estimated of $3000 for all three jobs. I needed to find some ideas. A way to save money was to paint the rooms myself with the help of some of my friends. I could look in the yellow pages for the names of some handymen that might give me a lower estimate for the two remaining jobs. In order to raise money to pay the contractor or the handyman I could have a garage sale. I talked to three handymen and one of them gave me an estimate of $1,150. I decided on a date for the garage sale. I raised $650 in the garage sale. I spend $400 on the paint and paint tools. I call my three friends and separated two weekends to paint the rooms. I took out $500 from my savings account. I called the handyman and set a date for the repair work. Instead of $3000 I ended up spending $900 out of pocket expenses and the $650 from the garage sale. R eferences Mindtools.com (2011). The Simplex Process. Retrieved April 29, 2011 from http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newCT_10.htm

Electrochemical battery

Electrochemical battery HISTORY An early form of electrochemical battery called the Baghdad Battery may have been used in antiquity. However, the modern development of batteries started with the Voltaic pile, invented by the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta in 1800. In 1780 the Italian anatomist and physiologist Luigi Galvani noticed that dissected frogs legs would twitch when struck by a spark from a Leyden jar, an external source of electricity. In 1786 he noticed that twitching would occur during lightning storms. After many years Galvani learned how to produce twitching without using any external source of electricity. He started doing his experiments on frogs with metals but he replaced them with electrolyte and electrodes and named the system as voltaic cell. In 1800, Volta invented the battery by placing many voltaic cells in series, literally piling them one above the other. This Voltaic pile gave a greatly enhanced net emf for the combination. After voltaic cell, in 1836 Daniell cell came into existence. It provided more stable current and was also accepted by the industries. These wet cells were not portable as there liquid electrolyte used to spill. Therefore by the end of nineteenth century dry batteries came into existence in which the liquid electrolyte was replaced with dry paste making the dry batteries portable. Working of Batteries Electrochemical cell In this example the two half-cells are linked by a salt bridge separator that permits the transfer of ions, but not water molecules. A battery is a device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy. It consists of a number of voltaic cells; each voltaic cell consists of two half cells connected in series by a conductive electrolyte containing anions and cations. One half-cell includes electrolyte and the electrode to which anions (negatively-charged ions) migrate, i.e. the anode or negative electrode; the other half-cell includes electrolyte and the electrode to which cations (positively-charged ions) migrate, i.e. the cathode or positive electrode. In the redox reaction that powers the battery, reduction (addition of electrons) occurs to cations at the cathode, while oxidation (removal of electrons) occurs to anions at the anode. The electrodes do not touch each other but are electrically connected by the electrolyte, which can be either solid or liquid. Many cells use two half-cells with different electrolytes. In that case each half-cell is enclosed in a container, and a separator that is porou s to ions but not the bulk of the electrolytes prevents mixing. Each half cell has an electromotive force (or emf), determined by its ability to drive electric current from the interior to the exterior of the cell. The net emf of the cell is the difference between the emfs of its half-cells, as first recognized by Volta. Therefore, if the electrodes have emfs and, then the net emf is; in other words, the net emf is the difference between the reduction potentials of the half-reactions. The electrical driving force or across the terminals of a cell is known as the terminal voltage (difference) and is measured in volts. The terminal voltage of a cell that is neither charging nor discharging is called the open-circuit voltage and equals the emf of the cell. Because of internal resistance, the terminal voltage of a cell that is discharging is smaller in magnitude than the open-circuit voltage and the terminal voltage of a cell that is charging exceeds the open-circuit voltage. An ideal cell has negligible internal resistance, so it would maintain a constant terminal voltage of until exhausted, then dropping to zero. If such a cell maintained 1.5 volts and stored a charge of one Coulomb then on complete discharge it would perform 1.5 Joule of work. In actual cells, the internal resistance increases under discharge, and the open circuit voltage also decreases under discharge. If the voltage and resistance are plotted against time, the resulting graphs typically are a cur ve; the shape of the curve varies according to the chemistry and internal arrangement employed. As stated above, the voltage developed across a cells terminals depends on the energy release of the chemical reactions of its electrodes and electrolyte. Alkaline and carbon-zinc cells have different chemistries but approximately the same emf of 1.5 volts; likewise NiCd and NiMH cells have different chemistries, but approximately the same emf of 1.2 volts. On the other hand the high electrochemical potential changes in the reactions of lithium compounds give lithium cells emfs of 3 volts or more. Categories and types of batteries Main article: List of battery types Batteries are classified into two broad categories, each type with advantages and disadvantages. Primary batteries irreversibly (within limits of practicality) transform chemical energy to electrical energy. When the initial supply of reactants is exhausted, energy cannot be readily restored to the battery by electrical means. Secondary batteries can be recharged; that is, they can have their chemical reactions reversed by supplying electrical energy to the cell, restoring their original composition. Historically, some types of primary batteries used, for example, for telegraph circuits, were restored to operation by replacing the components of the battery consumed by the chemical reaction.[34] Secondary batteries are not indefinitely rechargeable due to dissipation of the active materials, loss of electrolyte and internal corrosion. Primary batteries Primary batteries can produce current immediately on assembly. Disposable batteries are intended to be used once and discarded. These are most commonly used in portable devices that have low current drain, are only used intermittently, or are used well away from an alternative power source, such as in alarm and communication circuits where other electric power is only intermittently available. Disposable primary cells cannot be reliably recharged, since the chemical reactions are not easily reversible and active materials may not return to their original forms. Battery manufacturers recommend against attempting to recharge primary cells. Common types of disposable batteries include zinc-carbon batteries and alkaline batteries. Generally, these have higher energy densities than rechargeable batteries, but disposable batteries do not fare well under high-drain applications with loads under 75 ohms (75 ÃŽ ©). Secondary batteries Main article: Rechargeable battery Secondary batteries must be charged before use; they are usually assembled with active materials in the discharged state. Rechargeable batteries or secondary cells can be recharged by applying electrical current, which reverses the chemical reactions that occur during its use. Devices to supply the appropriate current are called chargers or rechargers. The oldest form of rechargeable battery is the lead-acid battery. This battery is notable in that it contains a liquid in an unsealed container, requiring that the battery be kept upright and the area be well ventilated to ensure safe dispersal of the hydrogen gas produced by these batteries during overcharging. The lead-acid battery is also very heavy for the amount of electrical energy it can supply. Despite this, its low manufacturing cost and its high surge current levels make its use common where a large capacity (over approximately 10Ah) is required or where the weight and ease of handling are not concerns. A common form of the lead-acid battery is the modern car battery, which can generally deliver a peak current of 450 amperes. An improved type of liquid electrolyte battery is the sealed valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) battery, popular in the automotive industry as a replacement for the lead-acid wet cell. The VRLA battery uses an immobilized sulfuric acid electrolyte, reducing the chance of leakage and extending shelf life. VRLA batteries have the electrolyte immobilized, usually by one of two means: Gel batteries (or gel cell) contain a semi-solid electrolyte to prevent spillage. Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) batteries absorb the electrolyte in a special fiberglass matting Other portable rechargeable batteries include several dry cell types, which are sealed units and are therefore useful in appliances such as mobile phones and laptop computers. Cells of this type (in order of increasing power density and cost) include nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH) and lithium-ion (Li-ion) cells. By far, Li-ion has the highest share of the dry cell rechargeable market. Meanwhile, NiMH has replaced NiCd in most applications due to its higher capacity, but NiCd remains in use in power tools, two-way radios, and medical equipment. Battery cell types There are many general types of electrochemical cells, according to chemical processes applied and design chosen. The variation includes galvanic cells, electrolytic cells, fuel cells, flow cells and voltaic piles. Wet cell A wet cell battery has a liquid electrolyte. Other names are flooded cell since the liquid covers all internal parts, or vented cell since gases produced during operation can escape to the air. Wet cells were a precursor to dry cells and are commonly used as a learning tool for electrochemistry. It is often built with common laboratory supplies, like beakers, for demonstrations of how electrochemical cells work. A particular type of wet cell known as a concentration cell is important in understanding corrosion. Wet cells may be primary cells (non-rechargeable) or secondary cells (rechargeable). Originally all practical primary batteries such as the Daniel cell were built as open-topped glass jar wet cells. Other primary wet cells are the Leclanche cell, Grove cell, Bunsen cell, Chromic acid cell, Clark cell and Weston cell. The Leclanche cell chemistry was adapted to the first dry cells. Wet cells are still used in automobile batteries and in industry for standby power for switchgear, telecommunication or large uninterruptible power supplys, but in many places batteries with gel cells have been used instead. These applications commonly use lead-acid or nickel-cadmium cells. Dry cell A dry cell has the electrolyte immobilized as a paste, with only enough moisture in the paste to allow current to flow. Compared to a wet cell, the battery can be operated in any random position, and will not spill its electrolyte if inverted. While a dry cells electrolyte is not truly completely free of moisture and must contain some moisture to function, when it was first developed it had the advantage of containing no sloshing liquid that might leak or drip out when inverted or handled roughly, making it highly suitable for small portable electric devices. By comparison, the first wet cells were typically fragile glass containers with lead rods hanging from the open top, and needed careful handling to avoid spillage. An inverted wet cell would leak, while a dry cell would not. Lead-acid batteries would not achieve the safety and portability of the dry cell, until the development of the gel battery. A common dry cell battery is the zinc-carbon battery, using a cell sometimes called the dry Leclanchà © cell, with a nominal voltage of 1.5 volts, the same nominal voltage as the alkaline battery (since both use the same zinc-manganese dioxide combination. The makeup of a standard dry cell is a zinc anode (negative pole), usually in the form of a cylindrical pot, with a carbon cathode (positive pole) in the form of a central rod. The electrolyte is ammonium chloride in the form of a paste next to the zinc anode. The remaining space between the electrolyte and carbon cathode is taken up by a second paste consisting of ammonium chloride and manganese dioxide, the latter acting as a depolarizer. In some more modern types of so called high power batteries, the ammonium chloride has been replaced by zinc chloride. Battery cell performance A batterys characteristics may vary over load cycle, charge cycle and over life time due to many factors including internal chemistry, current drain and temperature. Extending battery life Battery life can be extended by storing the batteries at a low temperature, as in a refrigerator or freezer, because the chemical reactions in the batteries are slower. Such storage can extend the life of alkaline batteries by ~5%; while the charge of rechargeable batteries can be extended from a few days up to several months. In order to reach their maximum voltage, batteries must be returned to room temperature; discharging an alkaline battery at 250 mAh at 0 °C is only half as efficient as it is at 20 °C. As a result, alkaline battery manufacturers like Duracell do not recommend refrigerating or freezing batteries. Hazards 1.) Explosion A battery explosion is caused by the misuse or malfunction of a battery, such as attempting to recharge a primary (non-rechargeable) battery, or short circuiting a battery. With car batteries, explosions are most likely to occur when a short circuit generates very large currents. In addition, car batteries liberate hydrogen when they are overcharged (because of electrolysis of the water in the electrolyte). Normally the amount of overcharging is very small, as is the amount of explosive gas developed, and the gas dissipates quickly. However, when jumping a car battery, the high current can cause the rapid release of large volumes of hydrogen, which can be ignited by a nearby spark. When a battery is recharged at an excessive rate, an explosive gas mixture of hydrogen and oxygen may be produced faster than it can escape from within the walls of the battery, leading to pressure build-up and the possibility of the battery case bursting. In extreme cases, the battery acid may spray violently from the casing of the battery and cause injury. Overcharging—that is, attempting to charge a battery beyond its electrical capacity—can also lead to a battery explosion, leakage, or irreversible damage to the battery. It may also cause damage to the charger or device in which the overcharged battery is later used. Additionally, disposing of a battery in fire may cause an explosion as steam builds up within the sealed case of the battery. 2.) Leakage One style of disposable battery uses zinc can as both a reactant and as the container to hold the other reagents. If this kind of battery is run all the way down, or if it is recharged after running down too far, the reagents can emerge through the cardboard and plastic that forms the remainder of the container. The active chemicals can then corrode or otherwise destroy the equipment that they were inserted into. Many battery chemicals are corrosive or poisonous or both. If leakage occurs, either spontaneously or through accident, the chemicals released may be dangerous. 3.) Environmental concerns The widespread use of batteries has created many environmental concerns, such as toxic metal pollution. Battery manufacture consumes resources and often involves hazardous chemicals. Used batteries also contribute to electronic waste. Some areas now have battery recycling services available to recover some of the materials from used batteries. Batteries may be harmful or fatal if swallowed. Recycling or proper disposal prevents dangerous elements (such as lead, mercury, and cadmium) found in some types of batteries from entering the environment. In the United States, Americans purchase nearly three billion batteries annually, and about 179,000 tons of those end up in landfills across the country. In the United States, the Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act of 1996 banned the sale of mercury-containing batteries (except small button cell batteries), enacted uniform labeling requirements for rechargeable batteries, and required that rechargeable batteries be easily removable. California and New York City prohibit the disposal of rechargeable batteries in solid waste, and along with Maine require recycling of cell phones. The rechargeable battery industry has nationwide recycling programs in the United States and Canada, with drop-off points at local retailers. Battery chemistry Older batteries were mostly based on rechargeable lead-acid or non-rechargeable alkaline chemistries, with nominal voltages in increments of 2.10 2.13 and 1.5Volts respectively, each representing one individual electrochemical cell. New special battery chemistries have strained older naming conventions. Rechargeable NiCd (Nickel Cadmium) and NiMH (Nickel Metal Hydride) typically output 1.25V per cell. Some devices may not operate properly with these cells, given the 16% reduction in voltage, but most modern ones handle them well. Conversely, lithium-ion rechargeable batteries output 3.7V per cell, 23% higher than a pair of alkaline cells (3V), which they are often designed to replace. Non-rechargeable lithium-chemistry batteries, which provide exceptionally high energy density, produce about 1.5V per cell and are thus similar to alkaline batteries. Many new battery sizes refer to both the batteries size and chemistry, while older names do not. For a more complete list see battery types. This summary is only for types relating to battery sizes. Homemade cells Almost any liquid or moist object that has enough ions to be electrically conductive can serve as the electrolyte for a cell. As a novelty or science demonstration, it is possible to insert two electrodes made of different metals into a lemon, potato, etc. and generate small amounts of electricity. Two-potato clocks are also widely available in hobby and toy stores; they consist of a pair of cells, each consisting of a potato (lemon, et cetera) with two electrodes inserted into it, wired in series to form a battery with enough voltage to power a digital clock. Homemade cells of this kind are of no real practical use, because they produce far less current—and cost far more per unit of energy generated—than commercial cells, due to the need for frequent replacement of the fruit or vegetable. In addition, one can make a voltaic pile from two coins and a piece of paper towel dipped in salt water. Such a pile would make very little voltage itself, but when many of them are s tacked together in series, they can replace normal batteries for a short amount of time. Sony has developed a biologically friendly battery that generates electricity from sugar in a way that is similar to the processes observed in living organisms. The battery generates electricity through the use of enzymes that break down carbohydrates, which are essentially sugar. Lead acid cells can easily be manufactured at home, but a tedious charge/discharge cycle is needed to form the plates. This is a process whereby lead sulfate forms on the plates, and during charge is converted to lead dioxide (positive plate) and pure lead (negative plate). Repeating this process results in a microscopically rough surface, with far greater surface area being exposed. This increases the current the cell can deliver. Daniell cells are also easy to make at home. Aluminum-air batteries can also be produced with high purity aluminum. Aluminum foil batteries will produce some electricity, but they are not very efficient, in part because a significant amount of hydrogen gas is produced.

Free College Essays - The Results of Sin in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Scarlet Letter -  Ã‚  Inevitable Results of Sin There are many ways to interpret literature.   Nathaniel Hawthorne is considered a very influential writer of the American Transcendentalist era; his writing deals a lot with the Puritan times, including his famous novel, The Scarlet Letter.   The Scarlet Letter deals with the adulterous sin of Hester Prynne and Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, the vengeance of Roger Chillingsworth, and the townspeople's attitude towards Hester and her daughter Pearl.   Sin can be categorized many ways, but most importantly, one should remember that bad things always develop from sin.   The fact that Hester and the minister sinned led to the townspeople looking down on Hester and Pearl, while Reverend Dimmesdale concealed his crime of passion making Hester's scarlet letter 'A' the central symbol of the novel. As the people of Boston scrutinized Hester and Pearl, their devotion to the Lord's word soon turned to hatred.   "At the very least, they should have put the brand of a hot iron on Hester Prynne's forehead," were the thrashful words of an autumnal matron in a throng of people.   Under the appellation of Roger Chillingsworth, Hester's former husband constantly battered her.   These actions filled him full of vengeance soon making him into a fiend.   From the people treating Hester bad, and the unruly acts of Roger Chillingsworth, it is clearly shown that one sin can lead to many others. Another example of sin erupting into more evils is Reverend Dimmesdale's camouflage act with his duality in the adulterous parody.   Chillingsworth treated the minister even more uncivilized than he treated Hester; this earned him the title of the leech.   As a physician, he was well respected, but his fiendish acts of hatred towards the minister turned him into a black devil.   Seven years after Hester served her persecution on the scaffold with young Pearl, Reverend Dimmesdale served his punishment.   Not only did the sin of Reverend Dimmesdale make him lose all consciousness, when he confessed his crime, he lost his life to the cause.   Through trying to avoid his sin, the reverend made

DHL Company Essay

DHL is a laregest company in the world founded by Andrian Dalsey, Larry Hillblom and Robert Lynn in San Francisco 1969, and DHL is part of the Deutsche Post DHL group brand with a vision to become â€Å"the logistics company for the world†. DHL promise to customers is to provide simplifying services and sustainable solutions and to always demonstrate respect without compromising on results. Branding is the most effective DHLs factors of any business whether large or small, retail or business-to-business. An effective brand strategy gives a major edge in increasing competitive markets. DHL is international company in the world by present in over 220 countries and territories across the globe. For its contributions in past 40 years, DHL has become the global leader of the international express and logistics industry to solve the customer fulfill needed and want. 1. Do you think DHL’s branding strategies are suitable for the 21st century? Why or Why not? DHL’s branding strategies are suitable for the 21st century because is the age of modern technologies and namely information technologies. Technology environment is vital part of every business that rapidly moves of forward. DHL try to adapt the changes and make work in their customer favor. Now people run of time and final product must delivered in safely. The DHL brand stands for personal commitment, proactive solutions and local strength worldwide. DHL has been synonymous with fast, reliable express and forwarding services around the world. Depending on its deep understand of global internet and local market, DHL provides professional service in express, air freight and ocean shipping, ground transportation and international postal service areas. DHL and encompasses four divisions to serve customers. i) DHL Express: DHL Express transports urgent documents and goods reliably and time from door-to-door in more than 220 countries and territories and operates the most comprehensive global express network. DHL Express also provide courier and express services to business and private customers. The principles of providing a fast and focused express service, without losing sight of the importance of human touch, remains unchanged. The need to meet the hugely differing demands of local and global markets. DHL created a service that offers a choice of Time Definition and Day Definition delivery options together with a range of Same Day possibilities. ii) DHL Supply Chain CIS: supply chain is global market leader in contract logistics, providing warehousing, managed transport and value-added services and offers solutions for corporate information and communications management. DHL try to solve customer problem, they try to listen and identify growth objective, key customers, profitability goals, competitive issues. iii) Global Forwarding, Freight: are divided by rail, road, air, and sea to carry goods. In its daily business DHL Global Forwarding takes care of a variety of customers’ logistics needs from standardized logistics operations and multi-modal transport solutions to highly individualized industrial projects. Today, worldwide leader in air freight forwarding with more than 10% of the market. And international No.1 in ocean freight. iv) Global mail: DHL international global mail expert in providing customized solutions for your mail and business to business parcels by maintaining one of the world’s largest delivery network. Largest network for international mail dispatch, offering customers complete dispatch solutions for all international mail services from a single source, with direct links to more 200 countries. 35 sales offices and 40 production centre worldwide. Numerous cross-border solutions for customers mail shipments and just objective their satisfaction. The changing pace of globalization and the selling power of the internet now enable our customers to develop business connections around the world at any time, serve the customer and break into new market. To get trust from customer, DHL proven track record system to ensure maintain the high delivery performance standards to customers expect from a company. 2. Evaluate the effectiveness of THREE (3) tires strategies for their customers. How this strategy does help them in future to sustain their market positing? Do you have any other better idea that can help DHL? DHL try to know the customer life cycle deeply, DHL segments its customer different groups. According to different customer needs, customer segmented as strategic customer, long-term relationship customer and normal customer. Strategic customer is someone who has large amounts of logistics needs or  complex supply chain requires. Tier 1 – top customers, managed by Global Customer Solutions (GCS) globally DHL develops strong customer relationship to understand and know customer views. By greats understanding of customer, the company can adapt the specific service to fulfill customer needs. Usually, DHL Company always finishes their service optimally due to its excellent personal approach. DHL see to its that customer’s goods get to their final destination with maximum reliability. DHL try to attracting new customer but still to focused on old customer’s need to prevent losing those customers. In addition, the Global Customer Solutions which is launched for top 100 customers also make a great contribution to company and customer to create win-win situation. Tier 2 – other multinational customers, managed by individual business units globally The leading companies devise and evaluate their marketing strategy to survive and keep up with rapid transformations in dynamic and competitive environment. Along with the globalization and the development of technologies, more and more companies have to realized how complex the competitive situation is today. To respond to the highly competitive environment, DHL companies have to look for an approach to develop themselves from â€Å"inside† and â€Å"outside†. Tier 3 – thousand of local customers, managed by individual business units locally. As the biggest logistics company, the main service of DHL is to deliver goods or mails all over the world. DHL staff can speak local language to ensure the communication between customer and them is easy. 3. How do you assess DHL’s approaches to increasing globalization? What would be the main challenges for DHL in 21st century due to the Globalization? As a manager of DHL, how do you anticipate these challenges? Justify.

Only God can be the source of moral awareness Essay

Moral awareness is sometimes referred to as the human conscience, it supposedly separates us from other animals and allows us to function as a society. A moral is a value that we live our lives by and each one contributes to a moral code of conduct which then becomes a country’s laws. This essay focuses on the ideas of Kant and Newman, who believed the source of moral awareness could potentially be God, and Freud and Russell whose views oppose religious ones. Some key ideas used are the Moral Argument, Psychoanalytic theory of personality, and the Euthyphro Dilemma. Kant’s understanding of moral awareness was that it consisted of universal moral laws that everyone knows of and are obligated to follow; these laws do not vary between cultures or throughout time. An example of an objective moral law would be that we shouldn’t commit murder. A moral action might be to help an elderly person across a busy road. We would perform this moral action- or others- out of duty, obligation and reasoning. To discover the correct action to perform in a situation we apply moral reasoning- otherwise known as the categorical imperative. This is like a test that enables us to identify our moral duty. When deciding whether to lie or tell the truth, for instance, we consult the categorical imperative. These ideas helped Kant to formulate his Moral Argument for the existence of God. Humans, he said, have a sense of innate moral awareness that burdens us with the obligation to be virtuous. True virtue is logically rewarded with happiness, but we’re incapable of rewarding ourselves. He called the state in which virtue and happiness coincide the ‘summum bonum’, and the only way to ensure this state is reached is by the existence of a God. Summum Bonum can then be reached in a form of afterlife, explaining why we feel the constant pressure from our conscience to do the right thing, even when it won’t directly benefit us. Importantly though, Kant didn’t explicitly say that God was the source of moral awareness, but that human reason was and that this reason was provided by God. Cardinal John Henry Newman (1801-1890) had similar views on the source of moral awareness, he said: â€Å"We feel responsibility, are ashamed,  are frightened at transgressing the voice of conscience, this implies that there is one to whom we are responsibl e.† By this he means that the existence of conscience implies that we are answerable to someone who provided moral laws, and that the law-giver is in all probability God. On the other hand, Freud would disagree with Kant and Newman, because morals aren’t objective and consistent as they claim them to be. Freud noticed the differences in ethical values and actions, and attributed them to social conditioning. He said that the area of our mind- the superego contains the reasoning ability to make decisions, it’s our conscience. Freud said our conscience is shaped by people involved in our early developed- parents and teachers. These people pass on their moral values to us through socialisation, which is the process where we acquire a personal identity and learn values, social skills and behaviour from other in society. This version of the source of our conscience accounts for the subjective values seen in the people of the world and can be used as evidence against God as the source of moral awareness. Another who felt God was an unsatisfactory explanation for the origin of moral awareness was Bertrand Russell. He reformulated Plato’s Euthyphro Dilemma, wherein Euthyphro is unable to solve the question of whether a thing is good because God commands it, or if God says something is good due to a quality it has? Euthyphro didn’t know what that quality could be. Russell presents the argument that either God isn’t good, or He’s not the most powerful being. God isn’t good if Divine Command Theory (morality is the revealed will and commands of God) is correct, as this would demean God’s goodness by making His most important quality power. Also, by this logic, any immoral act could become moral if God was to say so- for example, murder would be acceptable if God said so, yet we would still know from our conscience that murder is wrong. The second problem is even worse for Christians to accept, as by definition God is the most powerful being. However, if He acknowledges a moral code superior to Him, that we must abide by, God wouldn’t be the Divine Being at all. This argument suggests that God is not the source of moral awareness and instead implies that either there is something superior to God where the moral code originated, or that  conscience simply exists without an outside being’s intervention. In conclusion, God is not necessarily the source of moral awareness, as there’s no solid evidence that this is the case. Other proposals have been made by people such as Freud- conscience could be the result of our upbringing or just something that is naturally occurring in humans. The statement ‘only God can be the source of moral awareness’ is therefore incorrect.

Target Costing Is An Approach To Managing Product Costs Essays

Target Costing Is An Approach To Managing Product Costs Essays Target Costing Is An Approach To Managing Product Costs Paper Target Costing Is An Approach To Managing Product Costs Paper This paper discusses the usage and procedure of mark bing for merchandise development and cost direction and why it should be used in merchandise planning. To explicate the mark bing procedure, benefits, and jobs with its usage, the writers utilize a instance survey of a domestic fowl treating company fabrication place repast replacings for sale through supermarkets. Testing the efficiency and effectivity of ABC theoretical accounts, utilizing assorted methods, has been widely highlighted in early empirical surveies. The survey makes usage of secondary informations available from early empirical literature on execution of ABC theoretical account in banking industry. Although, the theoretical account proved to be successful when implemented in the banking industry, figure of jobs still remain acute, which prevents from monolithic debut of a new theoretical account within a sector. In response, some recommendations were drawn to plan a method of get the better ofing or deciding many of the issues around ABC. The distribution of acceptance over industries confirmed the outlook that piecing houses show a comparatively high acceptance of mark casting. The acceptance of these techniques appears to be related to an intense competitory and unpredictable environment. Similar to aim projecting surveies in Japan and Germany, the chief aim for following these techniques in the sample is to cut down costs. The merchandise development and design sections appear to be taking in the mark cost direction procedure, while the accounting section is merely reasonably involved. Finally, the most often adopted organisational signifier for mark cost direction is team constructions, in which multiple maps combine cognition and capablenesss in the merchandise development procedure. Introduction Target costing is an attack to pull offing merchandise costs and gross borders that works rearward from the monetary value a client will pay for a specific merchandise with a specific characteristic set, sets merchandise cost marks based on that merchandise s expected gross border and so manages the development procedure to accomplish the marks. This is different from how many companies approach merchandise costs, where the squads may put marks based on historical informations and anticipation, and so put the monetary value by adding a specific per centum of borders. Target bing topographic points client value at the centre of the fiscal determinations that a development squad makes about a merchandise. To make this efficaciously, a squad needs to cognize such things as how much extra a client will pay for a specific characteristic or degree of public presentation, which countries of the merchandise may be over-performing or particularly hard to fabricate, how to re-think a merchandi se design to do it easier and less expensive to bring forth, and how to spouse with providers to drive down costs. The thought is to rethink our premises about a merchandise and inquire our clients straight to give us guidance on the elements of the merchandise that create the most value for them so that we can present them more efficaciously and extinguish everything else. The chief benefit of this attack is increased gross borders, chiefly by cut downing direct labour and stuff costs for the merchandise. One design end can be fewer parts, which leads to nest eggs in stock list direction throughout the supply concatenation. The same techniques normally lead to merchandises that are easier to transition to fabrication, more dependable and easier to keep, which besides drives down development, guarantee, service and support costs. Surprisingly, this attack can do clients happier, excessively. By simplifying the merchandises to cut down extra characteristics and complexness, we can do the merchandises easier to utilize and keep from the clients position. They besides benefit from lower service and support costs, and higher dependability. The mark bing construct grew out of a demand for makers to better merchandise cost direction and merchandise development. The traditional cost direction, cost accretion and allotment methods used for decennaries and still predominant in the fabrication and services sectors have failed as tools for merchandise development, planning, and cost direction. This is because they focus on the merchandise s cost instead than on the outlooks of clients and the merchandise design itself. Furthermore, traditional cost systems inundate directors with accounting studies that routinely overstate the cost of high-volume, standardized merchandises and understate the costs of low-volume, customized merchandises. ( Lockamy III and Smith, 2000 ) . In 1999, Cooper and Slagmulder defined three phases of mark costing: Puting the market monetary value: In this stage, Marketing sets a mark monetary value for the merchandise, and provides the development squad with a prioritized list of characteristics that will present a merchandise that the client will purchase at the mark monetary value. Pull offing the merchandise cost: The development squad sets a mark cost for the merchandise that will run into the organisation s outlooks for gross border. They set up a procedure for supervising merchandise cost through the development rhythm. Pull offing subsystem and portion degree costs: Using bing merchandises and competitory informations as ushers, the squad creates a budget for each subsystem and major constituent. The squad so develops a scheme for shuting any spreads between the expected costs and the mark cost and engineers the merchandise to accomplish the costs. Along the manner, the squad continuously proctors both subsystem and merchandise degree costs to measure advancement towards shuting the spread and turn to the issues that arise. These three stages provide a comprehensive focal point on merchandise cost throughout the merchandise lifecycle that pulls together the full development squad. In the beginning, Marketing is to a great extent involved in puting the mark monetary value and assisting the development squad understand comparative value for characteristics and public presentation parametric quantities. Manufacturing people get involved early in one instance, every bit early as the construct stage, to supply early feedback on production procedure options and their costs. Procurement and providers besides get engaged to lend thoughts for shuting the inevitable spreads between projected merchandise costs and targeted costs. The demand to better productiveness and merchandise quality resulted in many companies following new cost direction methods, including activity-based cost direction, kaizen costing, just-in-time stock list direction, entire quality direction, and mark costing. ( Lockamy and Smith, 2000 ) . Of the foregoing cost or direction methods, mark bing stands entirely as the best agencies to heighten merchandise development, pricing, and direction of production and merchandising costs. This paper argues for greater usage of mark costing. The first subdivision of this paper gives an overview of empirical literature on ABC theoretical account, and in peculiar, an execution of the theoretical account in fiscal services ( chiefly in banking ) industry. The research supports an statement for a demand to implement ABC theoretical account at service industry in order to be able to understand the behaviour and causes of costs. The undermentioned subdivision illustrates a practical facet of ABC in banking industry. The survey makes usage of secondary informations taken from academic beginnings. It inside informations the phases of ABC methods and presents the benefits. Most significantly, the documents draws attending to the obstructions that many Bankss face while seeking to implement the ABC in pattern. Finally, the last subdivision will reason the thoughts in this paper by pulling recommendations to the bank direction that make it easy to get the better of the jobs in the procedure of implementing ABC. Literature Review Target costing has been defined by the Consortium for Advanced Manufacturing International as a set of direction tools and methods designed to ( 1 ) direct design and planning activities for new merchandises, ( 2 ) supply a footing for commanding subsequent operational stages, and ( 3 ) guarantee that merchandises achieve given profitableness marks throughout their life rhythm. ( Cf. Shank, 1999 ) . Cooper and Slagmulder depict it as a procedure for guaranting that a merchandise launched with specified functionality, quality, and gross revenues monetary value can be produced at a life-cycle cost that generates a satisfactory degree of profitableness. ( Cf. Lockamy and Smith, 2000 ) . The procedure is design-centered and has a market goaded focal point, which, unlike the conventional cost direction techniques, allows houses to merchandise off quality and functionality to accomplish mark costs as a last resort. ( Castellano et al, 2003 ) It really focuses less on costs and more on client demands. The inquiry is non How much will the merchandise cost? but How much can the merchandise cost? Karo describes mark bing as a complete cost-reduction plan, non a simple cost-reduction technique, but a complete, strategic net income direction system. Horvath describes it as a portion of the cost-management map for a merchandise throughout its life rhythm. ( Cf. Shank, 1999 ) The cardinal elements of the procedure is that it is a planning tool where facets of the merchandise, cost and otherwise, are considered over the merchandise s whole life rhythm. Besides, it is a cross-functional procedure, much like good strategic planning. A topic that receives increasing attending in accounting literature is the usage of cost in formation and cost direction during merchandise design ( Anderson and Sedatole, 1998, Davila, 1999 ) . The major statement for pull offing costs during merchandise design is that after the merchandise development phase most costs have been designed into the merchandise and can non be influenced any longer. One of import technique that can be used for pull offing merchandise costs during the design phase is target casting ( Kato, 1993 ; Ewert and Ernst, 1999 ) . Target casting is basically concerned with puting a mark cost to be achieved in the merchandise development procedure, such that a sufficient net income border is realized when the merchandise is brought to the market. In the literature, mark casting is viewed as a strategic direction accounting system, as it focuses on long-run cost direction attempts ( Chenhall and Langfield-Smith, 1998 ; Ewert and Ernst, 1999 ; Guilding et al. , 200 0 ; Tani, 1995 ) . Toyota developed the construct in the sixtiess. It is used more in Japan than anyplace else in the universe. Lockamy and Smith study that in the early 1990s over 80 per centum of Nipponese assembly fabrication houses were utilizing mark costing, including all houses in the Nipponese transit equipment industry but none in the paper and mush industry ( Lockamy and Smith, 2000 ) . The remainder of the universe has non as readily adopted mark bing, although many companies adopt certain facets of it. It has been peculiarly slow to be adopted in the U.S. Banham studies that in the twelvemonth 2000 merely about 65 U.S. houses utilised mark bing. Of these, 85 per centum were discrete-parts and finished-product makers. Some of these houses include Boeing, Eastman Kodak, Caterpillar, and Daimler-Chrysler. A study of those U.S. houses reveals favourable, although non exceeding, consequences from using mark costing. ( See the study consequences in Banham, 2000. ) Peter Zampino, manager of research at Consortium for Advanced Manufacturing International ( CAM-I ) , noted that U.S. houses tend to follow mark bing when they are in crisis manner. In his sentiment, U.S. houses tend to hold the sentiment that in good economic times a company does non necessitate mark bing ( Banham, 2000 ) . U.S. houses like the construct of cost direction, and many use the techniques describ ed in this paper, but they do non follow the disciplined mark bing procedure and the cross-functional engagement in merchandise, production, and supply concatenation planning activities ( Banham, 2000 ) . In literature, mark casting and mark cost direction are frequently associated with Nipponese companies. Empirical research into the patterns of mark casting has chiefly been performed by Nipponese research workers for the Nipponese state of affairs ( Kato, 1993, Tani et Al, 1994 ) . Few attempts have been made to look into whether these patterns are besides are relevant for and make occur in non-Japanese state of affairss ( some exclusions are Chenhall and Langfield-smith, 1998 ; Guilding et al. , 2000 ; Horvath and Tani, 1997 ) . One could anticipate that as the drivers for utilizing such methods are non idiosyncratic to Japan ( i.e. , the desire to recognize a net income border on merchandises, under certain market features ) , they could besides be used in a non-Japanese state of affairs, even though the existent application of such patterns may divert from the typical Nipponese manner. Chapter 2 2.1 Research Methodology and Data Collection The ABC theoretical account follows a two phase methodological analysis, foremost, by puting the relationship between resources and activities through the usage of allotment bases and direct tracing. Then followed by an application of cost per unit of activity to the ingestion of activities by specific cost objects, normally merchandises or clients, for the intent of mensurating costs. In banking industry, the ABC provides an efficient manner of forming the aggregation, processing, and coverage of cost information for determination devising and scheme preparation in a competitory economic environment. The survey is chiefly based on empirical probe of the efficiency of implementing ABC in banking industry. Hence, the research paper will do usage of a secondary information on banking industry contained in early empirical surveies. The banking industry of Uzbekistan could non function as a research object, due to the fact that ABC has non been introduced in, yet. However, sing big benefits of holding ABC in topographic point, the paper urges policy shapers and direction to get down its execution. The secondary information is chiefly drawn from interview and questionnaire consequences. 2.2 Target Costing in Process The mark bing procedure is composed of a figure of distinct activities and determinations. It begins with a finding of the merchandise, its features and qualities, and its optimum merchandising monetary value. This is likely the most of import measure in the procedure. The merchandise itself will finally find the costs necessary to bring forth and sell that merchandise. Butscher and Laker depict this first measure as including ( 1 ) definition of the mark sections, ( 2 ) designation of the competitory advantages and disadvantages, ( 3 ) placement of the new merchandise within the mark sections, ( 4 ) fine-tuning the merchandise design and pricing, and ( 5 ) market simulations ( Butscher et al, 2000 ) . Market research is an indispensable component of this first measure. Whether done within or outside the house, market research should concentrate on the desires and concerns of the client. What does the client privation? What design features does the client like or dislike, need or does nt necessitate. The client s perceptual experiences as to quality, monetary value, and value are besides of import. The selling research is used to find the monetary value clients are willing to pay for the merchandise, given its functionality, quality, and the replacement merchandises offered by viing houses. ( Lockamy and Smith, 2000 ) The information obtained from the client will let merchandise interior decorators to concentrate on those desired qualities and characteristics. However, the merchandise must be advanced and integrated new characteristics and outstanding merchandise features to guarantee merchandise distinction and a sensible merchandise life. The mark merchandising monetary value is determined based on the market for the merchandise as designed. Obviously, when a maker sells its merchandises in more than one market or through different channels, it may sell the same merchandise at different monetary values. For illustration, pharmaceuticals manufactured in the U.S. are exported at lower monetary values to Sellerss in Canada and Mexico than they are sold for in the U.S. In such instance an mean merchandising monetary value should be used ( Cooper et Al, 1999 ) . The 2nd measure in the procedure is the finding of the coveted net income or aim net income border. Net incomes and net income border should be sensible and cover planned costs, extra required investing, and decommissioning or disposal costs over the merchandise s life rhythm. Similarly, the net income border should be sufficient to back up go oning merchandise research and development. ( Lockamy and Smith, 2000 ) Some companies, for illustration, Sony Corporation, construct in more flexibleness in set uping the coveted net income or aim net income border. There, they allow for trade-offs between different merchandises, i.e. , within the merchandise group some merchandises will hold some net income borders higher and some lower. ( Cooper et Al, 1999 ) The coveted net income border should be based on, and meet, the company s aims or policies. Calculation of the allowable merchandise cost is the 3rd measure in the procedure. The allowable merchandise cost is the difference between the mark merchandising monetary value and the mark net income border. The aim is to run into the cost restraints placed on the company, or as Cooper and Slagmulder describe it, set uping the mark cost decrease aim. The 4th measure in the mark bing procedure is finding the nature and sum of the merchandise fabrication and selling costs and really guaranting itself that it can achieve those mark costs. These costs can non transcend the allowable merchandise costs, unless palliating fortunes, such as a targeted merchandise release day of the month, order continuing with the merchandise before sufficient costs decreases are obtained. This portion of the mark bing procedure terminals when the house discovers a manner to fulfill the client demands at the mark cost or when the merchandise is abandoned ( Lockamy and Smith, 2000 ) . What has been the company s past production and selling costs? Will new cost nest eggs be required? What will be the consequence of merchandise alterations? In what countries can one moderately anticipate cost nest eggs? How shortly must the merchandise be released? Will the allowable cost require alterations in the supply concatenation? These are merely some issues that may originate in continuing through the procedure. Because from time-to-time there are unexpected cost overproductions due to design-related jobs in the production procedure, a company may construct in a shock absorber or modesty for the production director of 5-10 per centum to cover such costs. In finding what costs are necessary and placing ways to cut down costs, a company may utilize other cost direction techniques like value technology, benchmarking, design for industry and assembly, and quality map deployment. ( Cooper et Al, 1999 ) Besides, uninterrupted cost decrease may be available through kaizen costing. Integration of the assorted maps, such as accounting, buying, selling, production, logistics, and technology in planning activities will be necessary here to cut down unneeded costs and work procedures. As the mark bing attack is a cross-functional squad attack, ab initio it is clip extended but the final payment for the extra planning costs should come subsequently in nest eggs in production and the supply concatenation activities. Notwithstanding that cost decrease is normally favourable, in mark bing cost rationalisation, non cost minimisation, is the end. This is consistent with techniques like value technology, which is performed to redesign the merchandise, its fabrication procedure, and its distribution and service systems. ( Lockamy et wholly, 2000 ) Cooper and Chew argue that a merchandise s cost demands to be subjected to the examination of the market place from the beginning of the development activity. ( Cooper et Al, 1996 ) Benchmarking helps avoid the flightiness in mark bing in such state of affairss as internal subassembly and can assist to cut down costs, particularly when value technology is used early in the product/production development phase ( Clausing, 1996 ) . In add-on, benchmarking provides a tool for mensurating the effectivity of mark costing. For illustration, Eastman Kodak set a benchmark of a 10:1 return on the costs associated with implementing mark costing. If it cost the company $ 100,000 to hold an applied scientist work closely with clients in merchandise design, the return on that activity would hold to bring forth at least $ 1 million in cost decreases ( Banham, 2000 ) . Cost decreases should be sought in the maker s internal activities and external sourcing. Although a maker has important legal and ethical duties in keeping safety and wellness of its employees, clients, and users of its merchandises, and legal and regulative demands go more and more burdensome every twelvemonth, companies must cut costs wherever possible. Sometimes, nevertheless, cost nest eggs are merely non possible, and the merchandise features must be scrutinized once more to insulate cost nest eggs. The supply concatenation should be scrutinized and utilized for cost decrease chances. The supply concatenation is much more of import for companies using mark costing. Ellram notes that supply direction and the buying map is peculiarly critical at the initial phases of the mark bing procedure when developing component-level mark costs and when activities and alterations are happening to accomplish mark costs. Furthermore, provide direction can play a really of import function in pull offing, monitoring and bettering costs in the supply concatenation ( Ellram, 2002 ) . When geting constituent parts or necessary services, supply direction may happen it necessary to work more closely with providers. Additional cost nest eggs may be accomplishable by making trading spouse relationships with the providers. The maker s main applied scientist or merchandise director might seek to help or supply inducements for a provider to redesign a portion or production procedure to accomplish cost nest eggs. Furthermore, the company and the provider may join forces to develop and better merchandises and heighten the value and satisfaction provided to clients. ( Lockamy and Smith, 2000 ; Banham, 2000 ) The trading spouse relationship may make administrative cost nest eggs through EDI, B-2-B ( business-to-business ) minutess, or by supplying inducements or wagess for inventing originative cost decrease steps ( Cooper et Al, 1999 ; Lockamy and Smith, 2000 ) . In order to keep the trading spouse relationship, nevertheless, the company must let the supplier-trading spouse to have a sensible compensation doing continuance as a trading spouse worthwhile. The trading spouses, including the company using mark costing, must be assured of profitableness and survivability. ( Lockamy and Smith, 2000 ) . This portion of the mark bing procedure is iterative. Costss are estimated determined for the merchandise as designed. It may be necessary to reconsider certain of the design features given the cost factors. A finding would so hold to be made to cancel the merchandise characteristic or to revise it, which would necessitate another reappraisal of the production and supply concatenation procedures and costs. Finally, the mark bing procedure requires supervising to do certain the procedure has been effectual. Merchandises must be changed from time-to-time and new merchandises added to bing merchandise lines, and these activities will necessitate merchandise and cost planning every bit good. 2.3 Defining Target Costing Methods in Selected Industry Chapter 3 3.1 Research Analysis Mentioning to the current survey Target casting was defined as consisting of a casting method ciphering the maximal allowable cost monetary value by deducting a needed net income border from the expected merchandising monetary value. Most of the endeavors in industry, particularly the electronics, fabric and preciseness equipment industries make comparatively high usage of these techniques. This confirms to outlooks, as assembly industries are considered the most executable industries for the usage of mark costing. This diverseness of names used implies that many houses have developed a system based on similar rules as mark casting, without being familiar with the construct and its rules. Therefore, in empirical research into these types of systems it seems reasonable to concentrate on the features of the system used, and non on its theoretical name. An account for the insignificance of the figure of rivals is that this step may include small information about the in 10s of the compe titory environment, which is theoretically most of import. During the merchandise development procedure several ends have to be realized at the same time, for which purpose mark projecting systems can be supportive. Different ends to be realized are high merchandise quality, client satisfaction by developing functional merchandises that fulfill their demands, fast merchandise debut ( clip to market ) and low costs. Based on the literature we expected cost decrease to be the most of import ground for following a mark casting pattern, as its chief intent is to present merely profitable merchandises to the market by achieving equal cost degrees. The inquiries about the organisation of mark casting in the study were related more to the TCM procedure. They measured the engagement of different functional sections in the application of mark casting, and the organisational signifier used for the mark casting patterns. ( shown in table 2 ) TCM squad rank is besides a step of engagement, alth ough it is merely enlightening about the presence of the section in the squad, and non about the grade of engagement. 3.2 Decision This exploratory study survey suggests Dutch listed fabrication companies make comparatively high usage of projecting techniques similar to the construct of mark casting, although these systems come by in a diverseness of names. These techniques are adopted across industries, of which the collection industries are the major users. The findings suggest that these techniques are comparatively more frequently adopted under fortunes of intense competition and high environmental uncertainness, for which conditions, harmonizing to the literature ; the usage of mark casting is good. The consequences suggest that the chief aim for following these techniques was to cut down costs. This end seems to hold been achieved by respondents, as the major benefit derived from the mark casting patterns was cost decrease. The sections Product Development and Product Design are most to a great extent involved in the application of mark casting, while the Accounting section seems to be least involved. The house s mark casting attempts are chiefly organized in squad constructions, in which cognition and capablenesss of different organisational maps are combined to work on the mark cost. Wijewardena and De Zoysa ( 1999 ) , for case, provide an overview of some specific features of Nipponese companies under which the direction accounting systems operate, dwelling of corporate determination devising, alone company doctrines, farm outing schemes and the firm-specific instruction and preparation of direction comptrollers. It wil1 be clear that in this exploratory analysis it wil1 be hard to touch upon these issues. Qualitative research may be a preferable research methodological analysis to widen the analysis to these issues. From this research we can reason that Dutch listed fabrication houses use projecting techniques that are similar to the construct of mark casting ; the casting method identifies a mark cost by deducting a needed net income border from an expected merchandising monetary value. However, this survey provides small insight into the existent organisational procedures and actions that proceed, and are initiated by these mark costs. In add-on, the function and importance of the mark projecting system in relation to the usage of other direction accounting systems wil1 be worthwhile analyzing, as the recent study research by Chenhall and Langfield-Smith ( 1998 ) and by Guilding et Al. ( 2000 ) has shown merely modest grasp for mark projecting systems by Western houses. As banking merchandises become progressively complex, as shared services become more widespread, and as indirect costs consume more budgets, the ABC theoretical account can function as an first-class analytical tool for the fiscal services sector.